Catalogue en ligne Bibliothèque Ecole Nationale Polytechnique d'Alger

[article]
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 3 (Fevrier 2010) . - pp. 1450–1456

Titre :	Enhancement effects of gas components on NO removal by calcium hydroxide
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Guoqing Chen, Auteur ; Jihui Gao, Auteur ; Shuai Wang, Auteur
Année de publication :	2010
Article en page(s) :	pp. 1450–1456
Note générale :	Industrial chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Enhancement Effects of Gas Components on NO Removal by Calcium Hydroxide
Résumé :	The NO absorption characteristic of calcium hydroxide was investigated in a fixed bed reactor system in the presence of SO2. The effect of O2 and H2O on NO removal was discussed in or without the presence of SO2. When SO2 was excluded from the flue gas, NO removal was slight. The presence of SO2 in the flue gas could enhance NO removal only when both of O2 and H2O were also present. The essence of enhancement of SO2 on NO removal was accelerating the conversion of NO to NO2. The desulfurization reaction product could not oxidize NO to NO2. The bed height experiment revealed that the multimolecular intermediate species, which could decomposed in to NO2, was not formed from the adsorption of NO, H2O, and O2 on the surface of absorbent. The possible reaction path proposed in paper is that there may be some unstable intermediate species formed from the desulfurization reaction, which can enhance the conversion of NO to NO2. The presence of H2O can enhance the presence of unstable intermediate. According to analysis, the possible unstable intermediate is the OH radical.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie900838f

[article]
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 3 (Fevrier 2010) . - pp. 1444–1449

Titre :	Study on the effect of CO2 on the consumption of desulfurizing agent ca(OH)2 in flue gas desulfurization
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Wenlong Wang, Auteur ; Mingqiang Hu, Auteur ; Yong Dong, Auteur
Année de publication :	2010
Article en page(s) :	pp. 1444–1449
Note générale :	Industrial chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Study--Effect--CO2--Consumption--Desulfurizing--Ca(OH)2--Gas Desulfurization
Résumé :	In view of the ambiguity concerning the effect of CO2 on the consumption of desulfurizing agent and based on our previous findings when studying flue gas desulfurization (FGD) byproduct, a specific study on the influence of CO2 has been carried out here with Ca(OH)2 being employed as a desulfurizing agent. This study is based on compositional analyses of the reaction products, and combined measurements have provided relatively precise compositions of the reaction products derived from Ca(OH)2 and flue gases. It has been found that the presence of CO2 does have an effect on the desulfurization reaction and on the consumption of desulfurizing agent when Ca(OH)2 is employed as the sorbent for SO2. Also, the formation of CaCO3 is inevitable at about 70 °C and is enhanced under conditions of high humidity. Although over 90% SO2 removal efficiency could be achieved with a relatively high Ca/S mole ratio, the effective utilization of desulfurizing agent would be low because CaCO3 is not the targeted product. Therefore, in order to improve semidry FGD technology, measures must be taken to prevent the reaction between CO2 and Ca(OH)2 so as to increase the utilization ratio of the desulfurizing agent.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie901401j

[article]
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 3 (Fevrier 2010) . - pp. 1436–1443

Titre :	Transient model for behavior of mercury in portland cement kilns
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Constance Senior, Auteur ; Christopher J. Montgomery, Auteur ; Adel Sarofim, Auteur
Année de publication :	2010
Article en page(s) :	pp. 1436–1443
Note générale :	Industrial chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Transient--Model--Mercury--Portland--Cement--Kilns
Résumé :	The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has proposed to regulate emissions of air mercury from Portland cement kilns. Understanding the behavior of mercury within cement kilns will help operators of Portland cement kilns to devise methods for accurate measurement of mercury emissions and for reducing mercury emissions when regulations are imposed. A transient model for mercury behavior was developed and benchmarked with a comprehensive data set on the dynamic behavior of mercury in a Portland cement kiln reported by the German Research Institute of the Cement Industry. The model was able to reproduce key features of the transient behavior, including spikes in the exhaust gas concentration during the period when the plant switched from the raw mill on-line to the raw mill off-line; the high concentration of mercury in the electrostatic precipitator (ESP) dust; and the weekly transients resulting from operation over weekends with the raw mill on-line.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie901344b

[article]
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 3 (Fevrier 2010) . - pp. 1428–1435

Titre :	Manufacture of high-performance rice-straw fiberboards
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Sören Halvarsson, Auteur ; Håkan Edlund, Auteur ; Magnus Norgren, Auteur
Année de publication :	2010
Article en page(s) :	pp. 1428–1435
Note générale :	Industrial chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Manufacture--High-Performance--Rice-Straw--Fiberboards
Résumé :	Rice straw, a waste agriculture material grown and harvested in Willows, CA, was used as a raw material in the production of thin medium- and high-density fiberboards (MDFs and HDFs). The rice straw was cleaned, size-reduced, and soaked in water before being refined. Defibration was performed in a pressurized pilot-plant single-disk refiner, OHP 20”. The fiber production capacity reached a level of 63 kg/h, and the proper fiber quality for MDF/HDF production was established. Analysis of the produced fiber showed an average fiber length of approximately 0.9 mm, an average fiber width of 31 μm, a shive weight of below 24%, and a dust content of less than 30%. Production of fiberboards was performed by addition of 3%, 4%, and 5% methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI). The flexural properties, internal bond strength, and thickness swelling of the produced fiberboards were evaluated according to ASTM methods. The finished fiberboards based on rice straw and MDI resin showed excellent properties. The internal bond (IB) reached levels of 2.6 MPa, and the modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) showed levels comparable to those of wood-based fiberboards and were acceptable according to the requirements of medium-density fiberboard (MDF) for interior applications (American National Standards Institute, ANSI A208.2-2002). The water-repelling properties of the 3-mm rice-straw fiberboards were encouraging; the thickness swelling (TS) was in the range of 15−30%. Two different methods to avoid adhesion between the press plates and the resinated fiber material during hot pressing were investigated: protective paper sheets were placed between the fiber mat and press plates, or a press-release agent was sprayed on steel plates that were then placed in the press before pressing. Satisfactory results were obtained with both methods, and no adhesion was observed between the fiberboard and the steel plates. The method of using press-release agent during pressing had no notable negative effects on the fiberboard properties.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie901272q

[article]
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 3 (Fevrier 2010) . - pp. 1419–1427

Titre :	Modeling of biodiesel multicomponent systems with the cubic-plus-association (CPA) equation of state
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Mariana B. Oliveira, Auteur ; António J. Queimada, Auteur ; João A.P. Coutinho, Auteur
Année de publication :	2010
Article en page(s) :	pp. 1419–1427
Note générale :	Industrial chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Modeling--Biodiesel--Multicomponent--Systems--Cubic-Plus-Association--(CPA) Equation--State
Résumé :	To supply biodiesel with the quality levels required by the standards for alternative fuels, the separation and purification units are extremely important in the biodiesel production plants. The correct knowledge and description of the phase equilibria in systems composed by transesterification products is essential for a correct operation and optimization of the purification process. For that purpose, the cubic-plus-association equation of state (CPA EoS) was here applied to model the phase equilibria of multicomponent systems common to biodiesel production and purification processes. It is shown that the CPA EoS can provide a good description of the liquid−liquid equilibria of multicomponent mixtures containing alcohols, glycerol, and fatty acid esters in the temperature range of operation of the separation units in biodiesel plants. As the liquid−liquid phase equilibrium description depends on the EoS parameters, a discussion is also presented about the best set of parameters and the method to estimate them.
ISSN :	0888-5885

[article]
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 3 (Fevrier 2010) . - pp. 1412–1418

Titre :	Measurement and calibration of droplet size distributions in water-in-oil emulsions by particle video microscope and a focused beam reflectance method
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	John A. Boxall, Auteur ; Carolyn A. Koh, Auteur ; E. Dendy Sloan, Auteur
Année de publication :	2010
Article en page(s) :	pp. 1412–1418
Note générale :	Industrial chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Measurement--Calibration--Droplet--Size--Distributions--Water-in-Oil--Emulsions--Particle Video Microscope--Focused--Reflectance Method
Résumé :	Water droplet sizes in crude oil emulsions were measured using an in situ particle video microscope (PVM) probe and a focused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM) probe for a variety of oils spanning over two orders of magnitude in viscosity and for varying shear rates. The arithmetic or Sauter mean diameter was found to maintain the same constants of proportionality with the maximum (99th percentile) droplet size for different distributions, previously only shown for water-continuous emulsions. The FBRM values for the mean droplet size, while lower than the PVM values, could be related to the latter by an empirical quadratic relationship with an average error of less than 20%. The droplet size distribution was found to be represented well by a log-normal distribution with good agreement between correlated and measured mean droplet size. Following the agreement between the mean and maximum droplet sizes, the log-normal standard deviation was linearly related to the mean droplet size. The PVM probe was found to be a useful tool for determining droplet sizes in water-in-oil emulsions and as a calibration method for the FBRM probe. The droplet sizes measured provide a useful set of data for comparison with predictive models to determine the mean size or full droplet size distributions.
ISSN :	0888-5885

[article]
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 3 (Fevrier 2010) . - pp. 1402–1411

Titre :	Investigation on the spherical crystallization process of cefotaxime sodium
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Haitao Zhang, Auteur ; Ying Chen, Auteur ; Jingkang Wang, Auteur
Année de publication :	2010
Article en page(s) :	pp. 1402–1411
Note générale :	Industrial chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Investigation on the Spherical Crystallization Process of Cefotaxime Sodium
Résumé :	In order to obtain satisfied spherical agglomerated product and overcome the incomplete removal of the impurity during the traditional spherical agglomerated process, a new strategy incorporating the spherical agglomeration technique and the drowning-out crystallization process, by which the impurities can be efficiently removed, was performed. A triangular phase diagram showing the phase equilibrium of ternary solvent mixtures used in the process of spherical crystallization was constructed and the real-time spherical crystallization process was investigated by means of particle vision measurement and microscopy. The operation conditions, including the chloroform content, temperature of the system, and agitation speed, were also investigated in order to optimize the spherical crystallization process. The results of HPLC and GC indicated that the purity and residual solvents of the experimental agglomerated product can meet the requirements for use. Simultaneously, their bulk density, flowability, and compressibility are far better than the dispersed crystals. The agglomerated particle size was easily controlled by adjusting the chloroform content, temperature of the system, and agitation during spherical crystallization. Especially, the chloroform content is much more important than temperature and agitation in determining agglomerated particle size.
ISSN :	0888-5885

[article]
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 3 (Fevrier 2010) . - pp. 1395–1401

Titre :	Measurement and modeling solubility of aqueous multisolute amino-acid solutions
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Jan-Bernd Grosse Daldrup, Auteur ; Christoph Held, Auteur ; Feelly Ruether, Auteur
Année de publication :	2010
Article en page(s) :	pp. 1395–1401
Note générale :	Industrial chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Measurement--Modeling--Solubility--Aqueous--Multisolute--Amino-Acid--Solutions
Résumé :	The solubilities of the ternary mixtures l-alanine/l-leucine, l-alanine/l-valine, and l-leucine/l-valine in water were measured at 303 and 323 K. The solubilities of seven binary, eight ternary, and one quaternary amino-acid systems were modeled using the PC-SAFT equation of state. For this purpose, new parameters for l-aspartic acid, l-glutamic acid, l-leucine, and l-tyrosine are presented. The model excellently reproduces binary solubility data with a linear temperature-dependent binary interaction parameter for the solute−solvent interaction. PC-SAFT allows for a very good prediction of the solubility behavior of ternary mixtures over a wide range of temperature and concentration. The aqueous mixture with three amino acids is then predicted without any further adjustment with an average relative deviation of 3.34%.
ISSN :	0888-5885

[article]
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 3 (Fevrier 2010) . - pp. 1378–1394

Titre :	Predicting the phase behavior of polymer systems with the GC-SAFT-VR approach
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Yun Peng, Auteur ; Kimberly D. Goff, Auteur ; M. Carolina dos Ramos, Auteur
Année de publication :	2010
Article en page(s) :	pp. 1378–1394
Note générale :	Industrial chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Predicting--Phase Behavior--Polymer--with--GC-SAFT-VR--Approach
Résumé :	The recently developed heteronuclear group contribution SAFT-VR equation (GC-SAFT-VR) [Peng et al. Fluid Phase Equilib. 2009, 227 (2), 131−144] enables the predictive study of the thermodynamic properties of fluids and their mixtures by using a molecular-based model in which the molecules are described by heterosegmented chains in which each type of segment represents a functional group present in the molecule. Given the success of the GC-SAFT-VR approach in predicting the fluid phase equilibria of mixtures without fitting to any mixture data, and the known difficulties in determining equation-of-state parameters for polymers because of the lack of coexistance data, in this work, we extend the GC-SAFT-VR equation to study the phase equilibria of small molecules in polymer systems. The results demonstrate the ability of the GC-SAFT-VR equation of state to predict the vapor−liquid and liquid−liquid equilibria of polymer solutions and accurately capture the effects of polymer molecular weight and molecular topology on phase behavior.
ISSN :	0888-5885

[article]
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 3 (Fevrier 2010) . - pp. 1370–1377

Titre :	Chemical absorption of sulfur dioxide in room-temperature ionic liquids
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Mark B. Shiflett, Auteur ; A. Yokozeki, Auteur
Année de publication :	2010
Article en page(s) :	pp. 1370–1377
Note générale :	Industrial chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Chemical--Absorption--Sulfur Dioxide--Room-Temperature--Ionic--Liquids
Résumé :	Gaseous solubilities of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs), 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate and 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methyl sulfate, have been measured at four isothermal conditions (about 283, 298, 323, and 348 K) using a gravimetric microbalance. The observed pressure−temperature-composition (PTx) data have been analyzed by use of an equation-of-state (EOS) model, which has been successfully applied for our previous works. Excess thermodynamic functions and Henry’s law constants have been obtained from the observed (PTx) data and our previous measurements of SO2 + 1-n-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide using the EOS correlation. All three RTILs show the chemical absorption. The classification of whether the absorption is the physical or chemical type is based on the excess Gibbs and enthalpy functions as well as the magnitude of the Henry’s constant. An ideal association model has been applied in order to interpret those excess thermodynamic functions. Then, two types of the chemical associations (AB and AB2, where A is RTIL and B is SO2) have been observed with the heat of complex formations of about −6 to −19 (for AB) and from −6 to −29 (for AB2) kJ·mol−1, respectively.
ISSN :	0888-5885

[article]
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 3 (Fevrier 2010) . - pp. 1359–1369

Titre :	Middle-molecule uremic toxin removal via hemodialysis augmented with an immunosorbent packed bed
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Shu Xia, Auteur ; Nichole Hodge, Auteur ; Melvin Laski, Auteur
Année de publication :	2010
Article en page(s) :	pp. 1359–1369
Note générale :	Industrial chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Middle-Molecule--Uremic Toxin--Removal--Hemodialysis--Augmented --Immunosorbent--Packed Bed
Résumé :	Outcomes for hemodialysis patients are disappointing. Middle molecules too large to cross dialysis membranes, such as parathyroid hormone (PTH), accumulate in the blood and are implicated in a complex collection of symptoms known as the uremic syndrome. We report our investigation into the removal of middle molecules by adding an immunosorptive packed bed, known as a hemoperfuser, to hemodialysis. We established in vitro that PTH can be reduced to normal levels within a typical dialysis session. We then developed a mathematical model of a combined hemodialysis−hemoperfusion system integrated with a patient pharmacokinetics model. We validated the model in vitro and then scaled up it up to clinical practice. We predict that immunosorptive hemoperfusion can reduce PTH levels to the normal range within the clinical scenario as well. However, we also predict that, because of the high synthesis rate of PTH in vivo, the toxin concentration might recover so rapidly as to limit the effectiveness of added immunosorption.
ISSN :	0888-5885

[article]
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 3 (Fevrier 2010) . - pp. 1351–1358

Titre :	Interfactory and intrafactory water network system to remodel a conventional industrial park to a green eco-industrial park
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Seong-Rin Lim, Auteur ; Jong Moon Park, Auteur
Année de publication :	2010
Article en page(s) :	pp. 1351–1358
Note générale :	Industrial chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Interfactory--Intrafactory--Water Network System--Remodel--Conventional--Industrial Park--Green Eco-industrial Park
Résumé :	Water network synthesis is to optimize a water supply system by connecting water sources to sinks in order to maximize water reuse. This synthesis has been applied within a factory to reduce freshwater consumption. This study illustrates (i) the synthesis and design of an interfactory and intrafactory water network system for an eco-industrial park (EIPWNS) utilizing more opportunities for water reuse within an industrial park, and (ii) an environmental and economic feasibility study to demonstrate benefits from industrial symbiosis. An EIPWNS is synthesized, designed, and compared to a conventional water system (CWS). The feasibility study using life cycle assessment and life cycle costing shows that the total environmental impacts of the EIPWNS are 7.5% to 16.0% less than those of the CWS, and the life cycle cost of the EIPWNS is 15.6% less. Therefore, the EIPWNS can be employed in remodeling a conventional industrial park to an eco-industrial park. This study provides a good example for disseminating EIPWNSs.
ISSN :	0888-5885

[article]
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 3 (Fevrier 2010) . - pp. 1333–1350

Titre :	Externally heat-integrated double distillation column (EHIDDiC) : basic concept and general characteristics
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Kejin Huang, Auteur ; Wei Liu, Auteur ; Jiangpeng Ma, Auteur
Année de publication :	2010
Article en page(s) :	pp. 1333–1350
Note générale :	Industrial chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Externally--Heat-Integrated--Double Distillation--Column (EHIDDi--Basic Concept--General Characteristics
Résumé :	In terms of the thermodynamic characteristics of simple distillation columns, a novel schematic of an externally heat-integrated double distillation column (EHIDDiC) is proposed and studied in this work. It consists of high-pressure and low-pressure distillation columns, with external heat integration between the whole rectifying section of the former and the whole stripping section of the latter. In comparison with conventional distillation systems (i.e., direct and indirect separation sequences), the EHIDDiC was found to require relatively small capital investment and low operating costs. It can even outperform conventional distillation systems with the condenser/reboiler type of heat integration under some favorable operating conditions. In terms of the separation of a ternary ideal mixture containing hypothetical components A, B, and C, the EHIDDiC was evaluated through intensive comparisons with its conventional counterparts. Sensitivity analysis was also conducted with respect to some relevant physical properties and design parameters, including the relative volatilities, feed composition, external heat-transfer area per stage, product specifications, and utility costs. It was confirmed that the EHIDDiC can be advantageous over conventional distillation systems with and without condenser/reboiler-type heat integration, and the results obtained reflect the salient characteristics of the EHIDDiC.
ISSN :	0888-5885

[article]
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 3 (Fevrier 2010) . - pp. 1325–1332

Titre :	Flexible scheduling of crude oil inventory management
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Sourabh Gupta, Auteur ; Nan Zhang, Auteur
Année de publication :	2010
Article en page(s) :	pp. 1325–1332
Note générale :	Industrial Chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Flexible--Scheduling--Crude--Oil--Inventory--Management
Résumé :	This work presents a novel approach for crude oil inventory management of a refinery. Considered problems involve the uncertainty in the crude oil availability, its transfer to storage tanks and charging schedule for each crude oil mixture to crude distillation units. In this paper a solution algorithm is used that iteratively solves two mixed-integer linear programming models and a nonlinear programming model. The proposed model incorporates the uncertainty issue in the availability of crude oil and an improved discrete-time-based formulation is developed to provide good quality solutions and also saves the computational efforts. An algorithm is proposed to provide a solution space instead of a single point solution that may help to minimize the loss due to late or early arrival of vessels. A case study is carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed algorithms.
ISSN :	0888-5885

[article]
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 3 (Fevrier 2010) . - pp. 1312–1324

Titre :	Integrated design and control under uncertainty : a fuzzy modeling approach
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	XinJiang Lu, Auteur ; Han-Xiong, Li, Auteur ; Ji-An Duan, Auteur
Année de publication :	2010
Article en page(s) :	pp. 1312–1324
Note générale :	Industrial chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Integrated--Design--Control--Uncertainty--uzzy Modeling--Approach
Résumé :	A novel integration of design and control is proposed for the nonlinear process under uncertainty. The fuzzy modeling method is first employed to approximate the process, upon which fuzzy control rules are developed to achieve the stability, robustness and feasibility. Then, the steady-state economic design and the control system design are integrated into a unified objective function, which can guarantee the desirable economic and dynamic performances. Finally, the proposed method is compared with the traditional sequential method and an existing integration method on controlling the temperature profile of a nonlinear curing process. The comparison demonstrates that the proposed method will have the better performances than the other two methods.
ISSN :	0888-5885

[article]
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 3 (Fevrier 2010) . - pp. 1297–1311

Titre :	Genetically tuned decentralized proportional-integral controllers for composition control of reactive distillation
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	C. Sumana, Auteur ; Ch. Venkateswarlu, Auteur
Année de publication :	2010
Article en page(s) :	pp. 1297–1311
Note générale :	Industrial chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Genetically--Decentralized--Proportional-Integral--Controllers--Composition--Control--Reactive--Distillation
Résumé :	This paper presents a genetic algorithm (GA) based autotuning method to design a decentralized proportional-integral (PI) control system for composition control of a highly interactive and nonlinear reactive distillation column. The control relevant characteristics such as nonlinearities, interactions, and stability are analyzed for assessing the complexity of the process. The objective of GA tuning is to account the multivariable interactions and nonlinear dynamics of the process to find a unique set of parameters for the control system that is robust to all kinds of disturbances. The performance function in GA is formulated by incorporating the dynamic state information of the process derived from its model for various closed-loop disturbance conditions. The controller tuning problem of this multivariable process is resolved as an optimization problem and multiloop PI controllers are designed by exploiting the powerful global search features of GA. An estimator is designed to provide the compositions which serve as inferential measurements to the controllers. The performance of the proposed GA-tuned decentralized control scheme is evaluated by applying it to a metathesis reactive distillation column, and the results are compared with conventionally tuned PI controllers. The results demonstrate the better regulatory and servo performance of the GA-tuned PI controllers for composition control of reactive distillation column.
ISSN :	0888-5885

[article]
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 3 (Fevrier 2010) . - pp. 1289–1296

Titre :	Particle coating of talc with tiO2 nanoparticles using ultrasonic irradiation in liquid CO2
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Kiyoshi Matsuyama, Auteur ; Kenji Mishima, Auteur
Année de publication :	2010
Article en page(s) :	pp. 1289–1296
Note générale :	Industrial chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Particle Coating--Talc with TiO2--Nanoparticles--Ultrasonic--Irradiation--Liquid CO2
Résumé :	We describe particle coating using ultrasonic irradiation in liquid carbon dioxide (CO2). Talc (Mg3Si4O10(OH)2) microparticles were coated with hydrophilic and hydrophobic TiO2 nanoparticles. Shock waves generated by collapsing cavitation bubbles induced with ultrasonic irradiation accelerated the deagglomeration and dispersion of TiO2 nanoparticles and achieved dry particle coating in liquid CO2. Talc particles coated with TiO2 nanoparticles were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This revealed that the talc was completely coated with TiO2 nanoparticles, and a smooth coating surface was obtained. The flowability and wettability of the talc was improved by TiO2 nanoparticle coating. A comparative study was also conducted with conventional hand mixing and ultrasonic irradiation in water as a coating media. Effects of the experimental conditions (depressurizing method, ultrasonic intensity, TiO2 concentration, and TiO2 particle size) on the morphology and properties of the composite microparticles were also investigated.
ISSN :	0888-5885

[article]
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 3 (Fevrier 2010) . - pp. 1281–1288

Titre :	Effect of ball milling on electrochemical properties of PVdF-HFP porous membranes applied for DMFCs
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	G. Gnana kumar, Auteur ; Chang Su So, Auteur ; A. R. Kim, Auteur
Année de publication :	2010
Article en page(s) :	pp. 1281–1288
Note générale :	Industrial chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Effect--Ball Milling--Electrochemical--PVdF-HFP--Porous--Membranes--Applied--DMFCs
Résumé :	Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP) porous polymer electrolyte membranes were prepared by the solvent−nonsolvent evaporation technique. The particle size and molecular weight of the polymer were greatly varied with the ball-milling technique, and the electrochemical properties of the polymer electrolyte membranes were examined as functions of these variations. The high hydrophobic nature of the host polymer is responsible for the high-temperature application and low methanol permeation. A hydrophilic nature was imparted to the fabricated porous membranes through activation with silica sulfuric acid liquid electrolyte. A decrease in the molecular weight effectively reduces the viscosity and is responsible for high ion migration. In addition, a decrease in the particle size lead to an effective acidification, so that the acidified polymer could effectively promote the ionic conductivity further. A much lower fuel permeation associated with the high ionic conductivity of the ball-milled membranes facilitates the performance of direct methanol fuel cells and supports their potential application therein.
ISSN :	0888-5885

[article]
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 3 (Fevrier 2010) . - pp. 1274–1280

Titre :	Parametric characterization and influence of tin on the performance of Pt−Sn/SAPO-34 catalyst for selective propane dehydrogenation to propylene
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Zeeshan Nawaz, Auteur ; Xiaoping Tang, Auteur ; Yao Wang, Auteur
Année de publication :	2010
Article en page(s) :	pp. 1274–1280
Note générale :	Industrial chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Parametric--Characterization--Influence--Tin on the Performance--Pt−Sn/SAPO-34--Catalyst--Selective Propane--Dehydrogenation--Propylene
Résumé :	The selective propane dehydrogenation to propylene was studied to enhance Pt−Sn/SAPO-34 catalyst performance. The objective was to achieve higher propylene selectivity; therefore, the reaction was parametrically characterized to obtain necessary information to integrate the process operating conditions. The optimum operating conditions were found to be temperature 585 °C, weight hour space velocity 5.6 h−1 or lower, H2/C3H8 molar ratio 0.25, and conversion range 14−25%. Further intensification and the role of Sn on the performance of Pt−Sn/SAPO-34 catalyst were investigated, as stereochemistry and thermodynamics are inextricably tied up with each other. The catalyst was characterized by a number of physiochemical techniques: X-ray fluorescence, Brunauer−Emmett−Teller surface area measurement, X-ray diffraction, temperature-programmed desorption of NH3, temperature-programmed reduction of H2, infrared spectra, temperature-programmed oxidation, and O2-pulse coke analysis. The catalytic performance was largely improved with the presence of Sn up to a certain limit; after that, it caused diminution in the reaction rate. The Sn loading modifies surface Pt ensembles; those helped Pt to be well dispersed by changing the interfacial character between the metal and support. Moreover, Sn facilitates the transfer of carbon deposit from the metal sites to the support. In general, it is noted that the increase in Sn content from 1 wt % affects catalyst performance adversely. Higher propylene selectivity (94%) and total olefin selectivity (97.2%) were obtained using [Pt(0.5 wt %) − Sn(1 wt %)]/SAPO-34.
ISSN :	0888-5885

[article]
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 3 (Fevrier 2010) . - pp. 1265–1273

Titre :	New pilot-plant photo-fenton solar reactor for water decontamination
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Jorgelina Farias, Auteur ; Enrique D. Albizzati, Auteur ; Orlando M. Alfano, Auteur
Année de publication :	2010
Article en page(s) :	pp. 1265–1273
Note générale :	Industrial chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	New Pilot-Plant--Photo-Fenton--Solar Reactor--Water--Decontamination
Résumé :	A theoretical and experimental study of a new pilot-plant solar reactor for the photo-Fenton treatment of waters containing toxic organic compounds is presented. This hybrid unit was designed and built to capture thermal and photochemical solar radiation, yielding higher degradation rates of a model pollutant. The mass and thermal energy balances and the radiative transfer equation are solved to compute the pollutant and hydrogen peroxide concentrations and the reaction temperature as a function of time. The spectral UV/visible and broadband solar radiation incident on the reactor window are estimated from a computational code: the Simple Model for the Atmospheric Radiative Transfer of Sunshine (SMARTS2) program. Under irradiated runs, an experimental temperature increase up to 25 °C is reached. Also, for a reaction time of 180 min and a relatively low iron concentration, the combined effect of UV/visible and thermal sunlight is able to degrade 98.2% of the initial pollutant concentration.
ISSN :	0888-5885

[article]
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 3 (Fevrier 2010) . - pp. 1259–1264

Titre :	Fast synthesis of biodiesel at high throughput in microstructured reactors
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Peiyong Sun, Auteur ; Bin Wang, Auteur ; Jianfeng Bao, Auteur
Année de publication :	2010
Article en page(s) :	pp. 1259–1264
Note générale :	Industrial chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Synthesis--Biodiesel--High Throughput--Microstructured Reactors
Résumé :	Transesterification of cottonseed oil and methanol with KOH as the catalyst for biodiesel production was carried out in microstructured reactors at residence times of less than 1 min and high flow rates. The reaction system included a micromixer that was connected to either a stainless steel capillary (inner diameter of 0.6 mm) or a PTFE tube (inner diameter of 3 mm, packed with Dixon rings) where the reaction is supposed to take place. The influences of the type of the micromixer, the residence time, the methanol-to-oil molar ratio, the flow rate, the type of delay loop, and reaction temperatures below and above the boiling point of methanol were examined. Flow patterns under different conditions were also examined in transparent microtubes. The results indicated that multilamination micromixers exhibited higher efficiencies in biodiesel production than simple T- and J-type micromixers. A higher yield of biodiesel could be obtained at reaction temperatures above the normal boiling point of methanol. By using the stainless steel capillary as the delay loop, the yield of biodiesel reached 94.8% under the conditions of a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 8:1, a flow rate of 2.5 mL/min, a residence time of 44 s, and a reaction temperature of 70 °C. Under such circumstances, the pressure drop was 0.8 MPa. By using the PTFE tube packed with Dixon rings as the delay loop, the yield of biodiesel reached 99.5% at the same methanol-to-oil molar ratio and reaction temperature, a flow rate of 10 mL/min, and a residence time of 17 s. The pressure drop was 0.7 MPa. Thus, very fast biodiesel production at high throughput can be achieved in microstructured reactors.
ISSN :	0888-5885

[article]
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 3 (Fevrier 2010) . - pp. 1252–1258

Titre :	High surface area Mn,Mg,Al-spinels as catalyst additives for SOx abatement in fluid catalytic cracking units
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Carla M. S. Polato, Auteur ; Alexandre C. C. Rodrigues, Auteur ; José L. F. Monteiro, Auteur
Année de publication :	2010
Article en page(s) :	pp. 1252–1258
Note générale :	Industrial chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	High Surface--Mn,Mg,Al-Spinels--Catalyst Additives--SOx Abatement --Fluid Catalytic
Résumé :	Mn,Mg,Al-spinels derived from hydrotalcite-like compounds with different Al/(M2+ + Al) molar ratios (0.25 and 0.50) and Mn/Mg of 0.30 were evaluated as catalysts for SOx removal under conditions similar to those found in fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) units. For both samples, the maximum rate of SOx pickup took place in the first 5 min of reaction, which is an interesting feature since the contact time inside the FCC regenerator is about 5−10 min. As to the regeneration step, propane seems to be a less effective reducing agent than hydrogen since it favored the release of SO2 as reduction product and shifted the reduction profile to higher temperatures. The results from XRD indicate that SO2 was mainly fixed as MgSO4, although the formation of MnSO4 has been indirectly evidenced. The performance of both samples for SOx uptake and sulfur release was also evaluated in the presence of CO and NO and no adverse effect was observed. The obtained results suggest that Mn-containing spinels are promising additives for SOx removal.
ISSN :	0888-5885

[article]
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 3 (Fevrier 2010) . - pp. 1247–1251

Titre :	Recovery of l-lactic acid from poly(l-lactic acid) under hydrothermal conditions of dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide solution
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Masaru Yagihashi, Auteur ; Toshitaka Funazukuri, Auteur
Année de publication :	2010
Article en page(s) :	pp. 1247–1251
Note générale :	Industrial chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Recovery--l-Lactic--Acid from Poly(l-lactic acid)--under Hydrothermal--Conditions--Dilute Aqueous--Sodium--Hydroxide Solution
Résumé :	Poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) pellets were degraded in a batch reactor under hydrothermal conditions of aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, from 343 to 453 K, compared to water in the absence of NaOH. Over an entire range of conversion, components solubilized from PLLA mainly consisted of l-lactic acid (LLA) in the presence of NaOH. For instance, PLLA was nearly completely converted into LLA at 433 K for 60 min or 453 K for 20 min with 0.6 M aqueous NaOH solution, where d-lactic acid was not observed. The degradation reaction with/without NaOH proceeded in the induction stage followed by the major degradation stage, as has been seen for polyesters reported in our previous studies. In the major degradation stage the overall reaction rate for PLLA was represented by 2/3-order reaction kinetics with respect to the amount of unreacted polymer, suggesting that the reaction occurred on the polymer surface. The NaOH concentrations above 0.6 M at 343 K hardly affected the reaction rates, but did affect the induction time remarkably. It can be considered that the degradation reaction is controlled by not chemical reaction but dissolution of products on the pellet surface.
Note de contenu :	Bibiogr.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie9008925

[article]
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 3 (Fevrier 2010) . - pp. 1242–1246

Titre :	Flocculation properties and antimicrobial activities of quaternized celluloses synthesized in NaOH/Urea aqueous solution
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Yongbo Song, Auteur ; Jie Zhang, Auteur ; Weiping Gan, Auteur ; Jinping Zhou, Auteur
Année de publication :	2010
Article en page(s) :	pp. 1242–1246
Note générale :	Industrial chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Flocculation--Antimicrobial--Quaternized--Celluloses--Synthesized --NaOH/Urea--Aqueous--Solution
Résumé :	Three water-soluble quaternized cellulose derivatives (QCs) with degree of substitution (DS) values of 0.38, 0.50, and 0.74 were synthesized in NaOH/urea aqueous solutions. The flocculation characteristics of QCs have been evaluated in montmorillonite (MMT) suspensions and simulated dye (Reactive Red) aqueous solutions by spectrophotometry. The results showed that QCs were effective flocculating agents for MMT over a wide range of pH values, and the flocculation efficiency of MMT was up to nearly 100%. Decolorization efficiency of Reactive Red dye reached 93% under optimum conditions. In vitro antimicrobial activity of QC was evaluated by determining minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) values against Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli), respectively. The results showed that QC could strongly inhibit the growth of E. coli and S. aureus. Therefore, quaternized cellulose is applicable as a novel wastewater treatment agent with high flocculation efficiency as well as effective antimicrobial activity.
Note de contenu :	Bibiogra.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie9015057

[article]
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 3 (Fevrier 2010) . - pp. 1236–1241

Titre :	Making full use of the oxidizing equivalents in bromate in the selective oxidation of thiols, sulfides, and benzylic/secondary alcohols into disulfides, sulfoxides, and aldehydes/Kketones
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Girdhar Joshi, Auteur ; Sukalyan Bhadra, Auteur ; Sudip Ghosh, Auteur ; Manoj K. Agrawal, Auteur
Année de publication :	2010
Article en page(s) :	pp. 1236–1241
Note générale :	Industrial chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Making Full--Oxidizing--Equivalents--Bromate--Selective--Oxidation --Sulfides--Benzylic--Secondary--Alcohols--Disulfides--Sulfoxides, --Aldehydes--Ketones
Résumé :	The oxidation of thiols to disulfides was achieved in high yields with 6:1 mol ratio of thiol to NaBrO3, while the oxidation of sulfides and benzylic/secondary alcohols to the corresponding sulfoxides and aldehydes/ketones was successfully undertaken with 3:1 mol ratio of substrate to NaBrO3. These ratios correspond to the minimum theoretical requirement of NaBrO3. The reactions were conducted at 0−30 °C, depending upon substrate, and were initiated with catalytic amounts of H+ and Br− (initial Br−/BrO3− = 1:3.5 for thiol oxidation and 1:8 for sulfide and alcohol oxidation). Further, regeneration and reuse of the spent reagent in the aqueous effluent was demonstrated.
Note de contenu :	Bibiogra.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie901426t

[article]
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 3 (Fevrier 2010) . - pp. 1229–1235

Titre :	Support and size effects of activated hydrotalcites for precombustion CO2 capture
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Niels N. A. H. Meis, Auteur ; Johannes H. Bitter, Auteur ; Krijn P. de Jong, Auteur
Année de publication :	2010
Article en page(s) :	pp. 1229–1235
Note générale :	Industrial chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Support--Size Effects--Activated Hydrotalcites--Precombustion CO2 Capture
Résumé :	A series of Mg−Al hydrotalcites (HTs) with lateral platelet sizes ranging from 40 nm to 2 μm were prepared hydrothermally. Small HT platelets (20 nm) were obtained by deposition onto a carbon nanofiber (CNF) support. The CO2 sorption capacity at 523 K for the activated unsupported HT was low (0.1 mmol·g−1), regardless of the platelet size of the HT precursor. In addition, no relation was found between the CO2 sorption properties of activated HTs and their specific surface area. The sorption capacity of the activated CNF-supported HTs was increased, depending on the HT loading, by an order of magnitude (1.3−2.5 mmol·gHT−1) compared to that of the activated unsupported HT. We propose that the CO2 sorption capacities of HTs are determined by the amounts of low-coordination oxygen sites in the Mg(Al)Ox nanoparticles, which is highest on supported HTs.
Note de contenu :	Bibiogr.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie901114d

[article]
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 3 (Fevrier 2010) . - pp. 1222–1228

Titre :	13C NMR studies on the dissolution mechanisms of carbon dioxide in amine-containing aqueous solvents at high pressures toward an integrated coal gasification combined cycle−carbon capture and storage process
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Kin-ya Tomizaki, Auteur ; Mitsuhiro Kanakubo, Auteur ; Hiroshi Nanjo, Auteur ; Shinkichi Shimizu, Auteur ; Masami Onoda, Auteur
Année de publication :	2010
Article en page(s) :	pp. 1222–1228
Note générale :	Industrial chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	13C NMR--Studies--Dissolution Mechanisms--Carbon Dioxide--Amine-Containing--Aqueous Solvents--High Pressures toward--Integrated Coal Gasification Combined--Cycle−Carbon--Capture--Storage Process
Résumé :	Carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and storage (CCS) technology has emerged and become a promising tool for the control of greenhouse gas emissions. CCS is applicable to the integrated coal gasification combined cycle (IGCC) equipped with a water-gas shift reaction (IGCC−CCS). In our previous studies, we obtained novel chemical absorbents suitable for IGCC−CCS and examined vapor−liquid equilibria of the absorbents. However, the mechanisms of dissolution of pressurized CO2 into the solvents (e.g., determination of the fractions of CO2 absorbed chemically and physically under high CO2 pressure conditions) were not clear, even though this information is very important for estimation of the energy requirements for the CCS process. We examined the usefulness of 13C NMR spectroscopy to determine CO2 solubility and the components of inorganic carbon species (bicarbonate/carbonate and molecular CO2) in six different amine-containing aqueous solvents, at temperatures ranging from 40 to 70 °C and CO2 pressures ranging from 0.5 to 4 MPa. We found that (i) the amounts of CO2 physically absorbed into the solvents increased with increasing CO2 pressure and comprised 15−30% of the total CO2 in all the solvents at 40 °C and 4 MPa, and (ii) the solubility determined by 13C NMR spectroscopic and vapor−liquid equilibrium measurements were in good agreement over the CO2 pressure range examined. The results indicate that we could not only obtain CO2 solubility data but also identify the inorganic carbon species in the solvents by quantitative 13C NMR spectroscopy.
Note de contenu :	Bibiogr.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie900870w

[article]
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 3 (Fevrier 2010) . - pp. 1214–1221

Titre :	Heats of reaction and vapor−liquid equilibria of novel chemical absorbents for absorption/recovery of pressurized carbon dioxide in integrated coal gasification combined cycle−carbon capture and storage process
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Kin-ya Tomizaki, Auteur ; Shinkichi Shimizu, Auteur ; Masami Onoda, Auteur ; Yuichi Fujioka, Auteur
Année de publication :	2010
Article en page(s) :	pp. 1214–1221
Note générale :	Industrial chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Heats of Reaction and Vapor−Liquid Equilibria of Novel Chemical Absorbents--Absorption--Recovery--Pressurized--Carbon Dioxide--Integrated--Gasification--Combined--Cycle−Carbon--Capture--Storage--Process
Résumé :	There has been increased interest in the development of innovative carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and storage (CCS) applicable to the integrated coal gasification combined cycle (IGCC) equipped with a water−gas shift reaction, to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to almost zero (IGCC-CCS). We studied the heats of reaction (ΔHr) and vapor−liquid equilibria for N-methyldiethanolamine and novel absorbents [1,2-dimethylimidazole, 2-methylimidazole, 1-methylimidazole, imidazole, and 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)morpholine] obtained by the pKa-based screening method in our previous work and found a proportional relationship between pKa and ΔHr values. This allows estimation of ΔHr values by measuring their pKa. Measurements of vapor−liquid equilibria of novel absorbents provided important information on the CO2 capacity per absorption/recovery cycle. 1,2-Dimethylimidazole and 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)morpholine would be nominated as candidates suitable to absorb/recover CO2 with partial pressures at 1.6 MPa or higher without loss of a CO2 pressure level, resulting in saving CO2 compression energy in the CCS process.
Note de contenu :	Bibiogr.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie9007776

[article]
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 3 (Fevrier 2010) . - pp. 1197–1213

Titre :	Integrated process modeling and product design of biodiesel manufacturing
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Ai-Fu Chang, Auteur ; Y. A. Liu, Auteur
Année de publication :	2010
Article en page(s) :	pp. 1197–1213
Note générale :	Industrial chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Integrated--Process--Modeling--Product--Design--Biodiesel--Manufacturing
Résumé :	Biodiesel, i.e., a mixture of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), produced from reacting triglyceride with methanol by alkali-catalyzed transesterification, has attracted much attention as an important renewable energy source. To aid in the optimization of biodiesel manufacturing, a number of published studies have applied commercial process simulators to quantify the effects of operating conditions on the process performance. Significantly, all of the reported simulation models are design models for new processes by fixing some level of equipment performance such as the conversion of transesterification reaction. Most models assume the feed oil as pure triolein and the biodiesel fuel as pure methyl oleate, and pay insufficient attention to the feed oil characterization, thermophysical property estimation, rigorous reaction kinetics, phase equilibrium for separation and purification units, and prediction of essential biodiesel fuel qualities. This paper presents first a comprehensive review of published literature pertaining to developing an integrated process modeling and product design of biodiesel manufacturing, and identifies those deficient areas for further development. This paper then presents new modeling tools and a methodology for the integrated process modeling and product design of an entire biodiesel manufacturing train (including transesterification reactor, methanol recovery and recycle, water wash, biodiesel recovery, glycerol separation, etc.). We demonstrate the methodology by simulating an integrated process to predict reactor and separator performance, stream conditions, and product qualities with different feedstocks. The results show that the methodology is effective not only for the rating and optimization of an existing biodiesel manufacturing, but also for the design of a new process to produce biodiesel with specified fuel properties.
Note de contenu :	Bibiogra.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie9010047

[article]
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 3 (Fevrier 2010) . - pp. 1169–1196

Titre :	Encapsulation using hyperbranched polymers : from research and technologies to emerging applications
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Muhammad Irfan, Auteur ; Matthias Seiler, Auteur
Année de publication :	2010
Article en page(s) :	pp. 1169–1196
Note générale :	Industrial chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Encapsulation--Using Hyperbranched--Polymers--Research--Technologies--Emerging Applications
Résumé :	Dendritic macromolecules, such as hyperbranched polymers are increasingly being studied in the context of encapsulation. The intensive research on encapsulation using hyperbranched polymers is motivated by factors such as a cost-effective polymer synthesis and a customizable property profile. Hence, in the past few years, hyperbranched polymers have been employed as carriers for several guest molecules such as dyes, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, catalysts, and aromatic hydrocarbons. However, hyperbranched polymers compete not only with perfectly structured dendrimers but also with conventional carrier molecules in terms of price and performance criteria such as processability, loading capacity, delivery efficiency and/or reduction of toxic side effects. This article aims at reviewing the research and development (R&D) in the field of encapsulation using hyperbranched polymers. Based on a summary of the most relevant R&D results and encapsulation technologies in this area, progress and challenges are discussed and new emerging applications are described. The most prominent emerging applications include the encapsulation and/or controlled release of (i) unstable or sensitive components (such as those used in the field of personal care), (ii) pharmaceutical substances (using hyperbranched carrier polymers with a narrow molar mass distribution), and (iii) inorganic nanoparticles to design versatile nanoreactors for catalytic applications.
Note de contenu :	Bibiogr.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie900216r

[article]
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 3 (Fevrier 2010) . - pp. 1160–1168

Titre :	Effect of temperature in fluidized bed fast pyrolysis of biomass : oil quality assessment in test units
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Roel J. M. Westerhof, Auteur ; Derk W. F. (Wim) Brilman, Auteur ; Wim P.M. van Swaaij, Auteur ; Sacha R. A. Kersten, Auteur
Année de publication :	2010
Article en page(s) :	pp. 1160–1168
Note générale :	Industrial chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Effect--Temperature--Fluidized--Pyrolysis--Biomass--Oil--Quality Assessment--Test Units
Résumé :	Pine wood was pyrolyzed in a 1 kg/h fluidized bed fast pyrolysis reactor that allows a residence time of pine wood particles up to 25 min. The reactor temperature was varied between 330 and 580 °C to study the effect on product yields and oil composition. Apart from the physical−chemical analysis, a pyrolysis oil quality assessment has been performed by using two applications. The pyrolysis oils were tested in a laboratory scale atomizer and in a hydrodeoxygenation unit for upgrading/stabilizing of the pyrolysis oil. The pyrolysis oil yield increases from 330 to 450 °C, is nearly constant between 450 and 530 °C, and decreases again at a pyrolysis temperature of 580 °C. At temperatures of 360 and 580 °C, total pyrolysis oil yields of, respectively, 58 and 56 dry wt % can still be obtained. The produced amount of water is already significant at a reactor temperature of 360 °C and becomes constant at a temperature of 400 °C. At a temperature of 580 °C, the water production starts to decrease slightly. Initially the number average molecular weight of the pyrolysis oil increases at increasing temperatures, which is ascribed to the observed increase in concentration of water insoluble compound in the pyrolysis oil. At a temperature of 580 °C, the number average molecular weight, viscosity, and the amount of produced water insoluble compounds decreases. The oil obtained at a pyrolysis temperature of 360 °C produced less char, 2 versus 5 wt %, compared to the oil obtained at a pyrolysis temperature of 530 °C in our atomizer/gasifier. About 100% of the carbon goes to the gas phase compared to 84% for the oil obtained at a pyrolysis temperature of 530 °C. Therefore, the 360 °C oil has a better quality for this unit under the applied conditions (850 °C and droplet sizes of 50± μm) Testing the three pyrolysis oils (pyrolysis temperatures of 330, 530, and 580 °C) in the hydrodeoxygenation unit showed that pyrolysis oil with a lower viscosity resulted in deoxygenated oil of lower viscosity. The oxygen content of the three oils was almost the same, but the yield of the deoxygenated oils obtained at a pyrolysis temperature of 330 °C was significantly lower. Together with chemical and physical analyzes of the pyrolysis oils, feeding the pyrolysis oil into a test units relevant for applications, direct information on the effect of varied pyrolysis process parameters on the quality and applicability of the pyrolysis oil is obtained.
Note de contenu :	Bibiogra.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie900885c

[article]
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 3 (Fevrier 2010) . - pp. 1150–1159

Titre :	CO2 absorption into mixed aqueous solutions of 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol and piperazine
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Francis Bougie, Auteur ; Maria C. Iliuta, Auteur
Année de publication :	2010
Article en page(s) :	pp. 1150–1159
Note générale :	Industrial chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	CO2--absorption--mixed aqueous--solutions--2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol--piperazine
Résumé :	Solubility data of CO2 in aqueous mixtures of 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol (AHPD) and piperazine (Pz) were measured over a range of temperature from 288.15 to 333.15 K and for total amine concentrations up to 3.1 kmol·m−3. The CO2 partial pressure was kept within 0.21−2 637 kPa using a vapor−liquid equilibrium (VLE) apparatus based on a static-analytic method. The solubility of N2O in the Pz−AHPD aqueous solutions was also performed in order to determine, with the N2O analogy, the Henry’s law constant of CO2 in these solutions. The experimental data for the ternary system AHPD−CO2−H2O were correlated using a modified Pitzer’s thermodynamic model for the activity coefficients combined with the virial equation of state for representing the fugacity coefficients. The solubility of carbon dioxide in aqueous solutions of mixed amine (Pz + AHPD) was predicted by supposing that the parameters characterizing the single amine systems are essential for describing the quaternary system behavior.
Note de contenu :	Bibiogr.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie900705y

[article]
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 3 (Fevrier 2010) . - pp. 1143–1149

Titre :	CO2 sequestration in concrete through accelerated carbonation curing in a flow-through reactor
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Sormeh Kashef-Haghighi, Auteur ; Subhasis Ghoshal, Auteur
Année de publication :	2010
Article en page(s) :	pp. 1143–1149
Note générale :	Industrial chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	CO2--sequestration --accelerated carbonation--curing--flow-through reactor
Résumé :	CO2 accelerated concrete curing has been recently suggested as a carbon dioxide mitigation technology in which CO2 is reacted with cement and stored as a thermodynamically stable carbonate in concrete construction products. In this research, the rate and extent of CO2 uptake by concrete is assessed in a flow-through reactor. Carbonation efficiencies of 16−20% attained in a flow-through reactor was comparable to those obtained for static CO2 pressure chambers employed in previous studies for accelerated concrete curing. However, significantly less energy is required in a flow-through reactor compared to a CO2 pressure chamber. Intermittent carbonation experiments showed that the carbonation efficiency was limited in part by slow dissolution and/or diffusion of dissolved reactive components in the concrete matrix.
Note de contenu :	Bbibiogr.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie900703d

[article]
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 3 (Fevrier 2010) . - pp. 1138–1142

Titre :	Comparison of catalytic effects of metals derived from cation-exchanged coal and oil soluble complex upon liquefaction of low rank coal
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Motoyuki Sugano, Auteur ; Katsumi Hirano, Auteur ; Kiyoshi Mashimo, Auteur
Année de publication :	2010
Article en page(s) :	pp. 1138–1142
Note générale :	Industrial chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Comparison--Catalytic Effects--Metals Derived--Cation-Exchanged--Coal--Oil Soluble--Complex upon--Liquefaction --Rank Coal
Résumé :	During cation exchange treatment of low rank coals, carboxyl groups in the coal structure are exchanged with the desired cations. In this study, the liquefaction reactivity of cation (Fe2+, Co2+, or Ni2+)-exchanged Adaro sub-bituminous coal in tetralin solvent with sulfur promoter was compared with the reactivity of demineralized coal plus the oxide, sulfide, or oil soluble complex (metallocene or metal carbonyl) of any one of Fe, Co, Ni, Mo, or W. The findings are as follows: (1) Upgrading of demineralized coal is not enhanced by addition of oxide or sulfide of any one of Fe, Co, Ni, Mo, or W because these metal powders do not easily disperse into coal macromolecules during liquefaction. (2) In comparison with liquefaction of demineralized coal plus the complex of Co or Ni, liquefaction of Co- or Ni-exchanged coal significantly increases by catalytic activity of sulfurized Co or Ni. (3) Catalytic activity of exchanged Co or Ni is almost equal to that of Mo or W derived from the respective carbonyl complex.
Note de contenu :	Bibiogr.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie901251g

[article]
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 3 (Fevrier 2010) . - pp. 1130–1137

Titre :	Computational fluid dynamics modeling of acetylene pyrolysis for vacuum carburizing of steel
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Dominic Buchholz, Auteur ; Rafi Ullah Khan, Auteur ; Siegfried Bajohr, Auteur ; Rainer Reimert, Auteur
Année de publication :	2010
Article en page(s) :	pp. 1130–1137
Note générale :	Industrial chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Computational--fluid dynamics--modeling--acetylene--pyrolysis--vacuum carburizing--steel
Résumé :	The operation of vacuum carburizing plants suffers from the production of unwanted byproducts like tarry hydrocarbons and soot. In order to identify mechanisms which influence the amount and the composition of these byproducts, the pyrolysis of commonly used gaseous hydrocarbons has been investigated under the conditions of vacuum carburizing of steel. Purposely, this investigation included a close look at the interaction of the pyrolysis reactions in the gas phase with the surface reactions leading to the carburization of the steel. Simulation results for the homogeneous pyrolysis of acetylene under vacuum carburizing conditions obtained with our own model are compared with measurements and with results received with commercially available modeling tools. Furthermore, experimental results of the vacuum carburizing of steel are presented and compared with simulation results. The paper focuses on the applicability of the own model and of commercial software tools for process simulation required for optimizing the vacuum and low pressure carburizing of steel.
Note de contenu :	Bibiogr.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie900996h

[article]
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 3 (Fevrier 2010) . - pp. 1123–1129

Titre :	Experimental optimization of an autonomous scaled-down methane membrane reformer for hydrogen generation
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	David S. A. Simakov, Auteur ; Moshe Sheintuch, Auteur
Année de publication :	2010
Article en page(s) :	pp. 1123–1129
Note générale :	Industrial chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Experimental--optimization -- autonomous--scaled-down methane--membrane reformer--hydrogen generation
Résumé :	Hydrogen generation by methane steam reforming in a thermally coupled membrane reformer−combustor has been experimentally studied. The concentric three-compartment reactor indirectly couples methane steam reforming with catalytic methane combustion and with a Pd−Ag membrane, to provide extrapure hydrogen. The reactor can be independently operated at steady state with the enthalpy required for the steam reforming and for heat losses provided by methane oxidation. The study focuses on the experimental demonstration of two approaches for the optimization of hydrogen generation in terms of power output and process efficiency: increasing the membrane separation ability and recycling reformer products to the combustion section.
Note de contenu :	Bibiogr.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie900938n

[article]
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 3 (Fevrier 2010) . - pp. 1113–1122

Titre :	Catalytic and non-catalytic supercritical water gasification of microalgae and glycerol
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Anand G. Chakinala, Auteur ; Derk W. F. (Wim) Brilman, Auteur ; Wim P.M. van Swaaij, Auteur
Année de publication :	2010
Article en page(s) :	pp. 1113–1122
Note générale :	Industrial chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Catalytic--non-catalytic--water gasification--microalgae-- glycerol
Résumé :	In this study, we present the gasification of microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris) and glycerol in supercritical water (SCW) using batch (quartz capillaries) and continuous flow reactors. Preliminary tests of algae gasification were done with quartz capillaries at varying operating conditions such as temperature (400−700 °C), reaction time (1−15 min), and the addition of catalysts. The dry gas composition of uncatalyzed gasification of algae in SCW mainly comprised of CO2, CO, CH4, H2, and some C2−C3 compounds. Higher temperatures, low algae concentrations, and longer residence times favored the algae gasification efficiency (GE). The addition of catalysts to the capillaries resulted in higher yields of hydrogen and lower CO yields via enhanced water−gas shift activity. The addition of catalysts accelerated the gasification efficiency up to a maximum of 84% at 600 °C and 2 min reaction time with nickel-based catalysts. Complete gasification is achieved at higher temperatures (700 °C) and with excess amounts of (Ru/TiO2) catalyst. To elucidate part of the difficulties related to the SCWG of algae, reforming of a model compound (here glycerol) in SCW was carried out in a continuous flow reactor in the presence of additives like amino acids (l-alanine, glycine, and l-proline) and alkali salt (K2CO3) and combinations thereof. The amino acids l-alanine and glycine have a minor effect on the gasification process of glycerol, and a significant reduction of the gasification efficiency was observed in the presence of l-proline. Coke formation and colorization of the reactor effluent were more noticeable with glycerol−amino acid mixtures. In the absence of amino acids, the glycerol solution gasified without any coke formation and colorization of the reactor effluent. Again this effect was more pronounced in the presence of l-proline. The addition of K2CO3 enhanced the glycerol gasification efficiency and increased the hydrogen yields promoting the water−gas shift reaction.
Note de contenu :	Bibiogr.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie9008293

[article]
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 3 (Fevrier 2010) . - pp. 1105–1112

Titre :	Hydrodynamic simulation of pulsing-flow regime in high-pressure trickle-bed reactors
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Rodrigo J. G. Lopes, Auteur ; Rosa M. Quinta-Ferreira, Auteur
Année de publication :	2010
Article en page(s) :	pp. 1105–1112
Note générale :	Industrial Chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Hydrodynamic--Simulation--Pulsing--Flow--Reactors--Trickle
Résumé :	In the present study, attention is focused on the CFD simulation of trickle-bed reactors when the trickling-flow regime changes into the pulsing-flow regime, along with the parameters that characterize this latter regime. These parameters include the velocity at which the pulse front travels along the bed, the frequency of pulsations, and the structure of pulses being formed (i.e., the sizes of the liquid-rich and gas-rich zones). Results are presented for a three-phase reactor operating at an elevated pressure in the pulsing-flow regime. Several parameters that characterize the pulsing flow, namely, the velocity of pulses traveling along the bed, the frequency of pulsations and their structure, the length of the pulses, and the length of the liquid-rich zone, were examined at high pressure by means of an Eulerian CFD model.
Note de contenu :	Bibiogr.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie900767q

[article]
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 3 (Fevrier 2010) . - pp. 1098–1104

Titre :	Catalytic reactions in surfactant systems : product isolation and catalyst recycling
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Juan S. Milano-Brusco, Auteur ; Henriette Nowothnick, Auteur ; Michael Schwarze, Auteur
Année de publication :	2010
Article en page(s) :	pp. 1098–1104
Note générale :	Industrial Chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Catalytic--Surfactant--Systems--Isolation--Product--Catalyst Recycling
Résumé :	The potential of surfactant based reaction media was studied with different homogeneous catalytic reactions. Micellar systems with the surfactants (p-tert-octylphenoxy) polyethoxyethanol (Triton X-100) and dodecyl sulfate sodium salt were used as reaction media for the enantioselective catalytic hydrogenation of dimethyl itaconate (DMI) with the Rh catalyst complexed with the chiral ligand (2S,4S)-1-tert-butoxycarbonyl-4-diphenylphosphino-2-(diphenylphosphinometyl)-pyrrolidine (BPPM) at 30 °C and 1.1 bar, obtaining an enantiomeric excess (ee) of up to 69%. After complete hydrogenation was achieved, micellar enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF) was used to recycle the catalyst achieving up to 95% retention. A microemulsion system stabilized with the surfactant Triton X-100 was used as alternative reaction media for the hydrogenation of DMI with a Rh catalyst complexed with the water-soluble tris(3-sulfophenyl)phosphine trisodium salt (TPPTS) at 50 °C and 1.1 bar. With the Triton X-100 system, phase separation by temperature induced separation allowed for up to four repetitive batches of DMI hydrogenations, resulting in a TON of 1530. Suzuki coupling for the synthesis of 4′-methyl-2-biphenylcarbonitrile proceeded faster in a narrow range alkylpolyglycol ether (Novel 8 = Novel 1216CO-8 Ethoxylate) three-phase system than in an dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt (AOT) two-phase system, demonstrating the retarding effect of the salinization on the reaction rate.
Note de contenu :	Bibiogr.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie900753t

[article]
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 3 (Fevrier 2010) . - pp. 1098–1104

Titre :	Catalytic reactions in surfactant systems : product isolation and catalyst recycling
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Juan S. Milano-Brusco, Auteur ; Henriette Nowothnick, Auteur ; Michael Schwarze, Auteur
Année de publication :	2010
Article en page(s) :	pp. 1098–1104
Note générale :	Industrial Chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Catalytic--Surfactant--Systems--SurfactanIsolation--Catalyst--Recycling-- Reactions
Résumé :	The potential of surfactant based reaction media was studied with different homogeneous catalytic reactions. Micellar systems with the surfactants (p-tert-octylphenoxy) polyethoxyethanol (Triton X-100) and dodecyl sulfate sodium salt were used as reaction media for the enantioselective catalytic hydrogenation of dimethyl itaconate (DMI) with the Rh catalyst complexed with the chiral ligand (2S,4S)-1-tert-butoxycarbonyl-4-diphenylphosphino-2-(diphenylphosphinometyl)-pyrrolidine (BPPM) at 30 °C and 1.1 bar, obtaining an enantiomeric excess (ee) of up to 69%. After complete hydrogenation was achieved, micellar enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF) was used to recycle the catalyst achieving up to 95% retention. A microemulsion system stabilized with the surfactant Triton X-100 was used as alternative reaction media for the hydrogenation of DMI with a Rh catalyst complexed with the water-soluble tris(3-sulfophenyl)phosphine trisodium salt (TPPTS) at 50 °C and 1.1 bar. With the Triton X-100 system, phase separation by temperature induced separation allowed for up to four repetitive batches of DMI hydrogenations, resulting in a TON of 1530. Suzuki coupling for the synthesis of 4′-methyl-2-biphenylcarbonitrile proceeded faster in a narrow range alkylpolyglycol ether (Novel 8 = Novel 1216CO-8 Ethoxylate) three-phase system than in an dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt (AOT) two-phase system, demonstrating the retarding effect of the salinization on the reaction rate.
Note de contenu :	Bibiogr.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie900753t

[article]
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 3 (Fevrier 2010) . - pp. 1086–1097

Titre :	Modeling of heat uptake and release with embedded phase-change materials in monolithic microfluidized bed reactors
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Akash Mittal, Auteur ; Shantanu Roy, Auteur ; Faïçal Larachi, Auteur
Année de publication :	2010
Article en page(s) :	pp. 1086–1097
Note générale :	Industrial Industrial
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Heat--Uptake--Modeling--Release--Embedded--Phase-Change--Reactors--Microfluidized--Monolithic--Bed
Résumé :	An innovative process concept for biomass gasification is proposed, which involves a combination of gasification and combustion reactions in a monolithic structured reactor by using high-temperature phase-change materials to intensify the process heat management. In this paper we specifically look at the heat transport problem, dynamics of which drives the overall dynamics of the proposed process concept. Exploiting the large “separation of scales” between the axial and radial coordinates, we have addressed the modeling problem at the corresponding scales with a simplified, one-dimensional dynamic model in the reactor (axial) scale and a detailed dynamic finite element method (FEM) model at the channel (radial) scale. This contribution relates to the latter model, wherein we have investigated the effect of various controlling physical parameters as well and geometrical and configurational aspects. Finally, we identify ways in which such a process concept may be optimized.
Note de contenu :	Bibiogr.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie9007425

[article]
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 3 (Fevrier 2010) . - pp. 1079–1085

Titre :	Direct propane fuel cell anode with interdigitated flow fields : two-dimensional model
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Hamidreza Khakdaman, Auteur ; Yves Bourgault, Auteur ; Marten Ternan, Auteur
Année de publication :	2010
Article en page(s) :	pp. 1079–1085
Note générale :	Industrial Chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Fuel--Propane--Anode--Interdigitated--Dimensional--Fields--Cell
Résumé :	The first two-dimensional model of a direct propane fuel cell (DPFC) anode was developed and used to investigate materials and operating conditions that resulted in improved DPFC anode performance. The software used, FreeFEM++, is open source and is based on the finite element method. The anode catalyst layer (ACL) was composed of three phases. One solid phase was the platinum catalyst supported on porous carbon (an electron conductor). The second solid phase consisted of solid zirconium phosphate (a proton conductor at 150 °C). The gas phase was located within the pores of the carbon and between the solid particles. Operation at 150 °C allowed the propane gas phase concentration to be in direct contact with the catalyst at the entrance to the ACL. This was an important advantage compared to previous DPFC operations at conditions where aqueous liquids are present (PEMFC at temperatures less than 100 °C and direct propane PAFC). When aqueous liquids surround the catalyst, the propane concentration in contact with the catalyst at the ACL entrance is much smaller because the solubility of propane in aqueous liquids is small. The one-third improvement in the anode overpotential was attributed to this difference. By using interdigitated flow fields with the propane feed in one set of channels and the carbon dioxide product in another set of channels, there was no mixing of the two so that the maximum propane concentration was always present at the entrance to the ACL. The residence time could be chosen, by adjusting the distance between the feed and the product channels (length of land plus channel), to obtain large values of conversion and large values of fuel utilization. It was shown that the larger pressure drops often associated with interdigitated flow fields compared to conventional serpentine flow fields were diminished by increasing the thickness of the catalyst layer. In addition, the thicker catalyst layer permitted the Pt catalyst to be spread over a greater thickness of carbon catalyst support, thereby ensuring better catalyst dispersion and improved catalyst performance.
Note de contenu :	Bibiogr.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie900727p

[article]
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 3 (Fevrier 2010) . - pp. 1071–1078

Titre :	Kinetic analysis of oleic acid esterification using lipase as catalyst in a microaqueous environment
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Mohd Sabri Mahmud, Auteur ; Tomasz Safinski, Auteur ; Mark I. Nelson, Auteur
Année de publication :	2010
Article en page(s) :	pp. 1071–1078
Note générale :	Industrial Chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Analysis--Esterification--Oleic Acid--Lipase--Microaqueous--Catalyst--Environment
Résumé :	This paper reports the lipase-catalyzed esterification of oleic acid (with ethanol) in a batch reactor at temperatures between 298 and 338 K using a wide range of the reactant ratio, β (0 < β < 2). All kinetic runs were performed under conditions of negligible transport limitations. The sigmoidal behavior evidenced from the initial rate−substrate concentration curve suggests the allosteric nature of the acrylic-supported Aspergillus lipase, and hence, the data were described by a non-Michaelis Menten kinetic model. The associated oleic acid binding coefficient and ethanol inhibition constant were obtained as 2.382 and 1.643 mmol L−1, respectively. The allosteric effect was attributed to conformational change in the enzyme site occasioned by the presence of trace amounts of water formed within the first few minutes of the reaction. Indeed, the transient water concentration profile at different β values revealed an initial overshoot in water concentration before the relaxation to final equilibrium value after about 6 h. The appearance of the initial overshoot increased with decreasing β. The water concentration history is symptomatic of two first-order interacting processes fed by a self-propagating input consistent with the two-enzyme state concerted symmetry proposition for nonlinear feedback autoregulatory behavior. The rate-temperature envelope showed a maximum at about 318 K, suggesting protein denaturation above this temperature. Even so, a fit of the rate data obtained between 298 to 318 K gave an activation energy of 22.4 kJ mol−1, typical of many enzymatic reactions. FTIR spectra of the catalysts displayed peaks at 1723.23 and 1666.12 cm−1 assigned to COO− and NH2+ groups, respectively, for both fresh and used specimens. BET measurements, however, revealed a significant drop in surface area between fresh (165 m2 g−1) and used (5−20 m2 g−1) catalysts. This was attributed to pore blockage of the immobilized enzyme by the relatively large oleic−acyl−lipase complex left after the reaction.
Note de contenu :	Bibiogr.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie900704n

[article]
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 3 (Fevrier 2010) . - pp. 1063–1070

Titre :	Modeling of autocyclic reactor for the removal of unburned methane from emissions of natural gas engines
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Massimiliano Zanoletti, Auteur ; Danilo Klvana, Auteur ; Jitka Kirchnerova, Auteur
Année de publication :	2010
Article en page(s) :	pp. 1063–1070
Note générale :	Industrial Chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Autocyclic--Reactor--Unburned Methane--from Emissions--Natural Gas--Engines--
Résumé :	Natural gas represents an environmentally attractive alternative to diesel and gasoline fuels to reduce all automotive emissions. However, a relatively high content of unburned methane in the exhaust gases outweighs these benefits. To treat such emissions, a counter-current type fixed bed autocyclic reactor (ACR) was designed and built for laboratory testing. The efficiency of the ACR, loaded with palladium based catalysts (pellets and monoliths) was evaluated experimentally under a wide range of conditions. As a first step in modeling the ACR performance, a HT1-D model was developed to suit the actual reactor configuration. This model reproduced adequately the axial temperature profiles and methane conversion, but tuning parameters had to be used to account for heat transfer. To permit investigation of radial heat transfer and thus better understanding of the ACR behavior, a two-dimensional model was developed, and successfully validated against experimental data. The new HT2-Dt model allowed a full range of the ACR performance simulations.
Note de contenu :	Bibiogr.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie900701h

[article]
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 3 (Fevrier 2010) . - pp. 1057–1062

Titre :	Mass transfer through a convection flow catalytic membrane layer with dispersed nanometer-sized catalyst
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Endre Nagy, Auteur
Année de publication :	2010
Article en page(s) :	pp. 1057–1062
Note générale :	Industrial Chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Mass--Transfer--Convection--Flow--Catalytic--Layer--Membrane--Catalyst--Nanometer
Résumé :	Mass transfer rates across catalytic membrane interfaces accompanied by first-order, irreversible reactions have been investigated. The catalyst particles impregnated in the membrane matrix are assumed to be very fine, nanometer-sized particles which are uniformly distributed in the structure of the membrane layer. A pseudohomogeneous model has been developed to describe mass transport through this catalytic membrane layer. Explicit mathematical equations have been given for the prediction of mass transfer rates and the concentration distribution as a function of the physical and chemical parameters, taking into account both diffusive and convective flow through the catalytic membrane layer. The mass transfer rate as well as the reaction modulus are strongly influenced by the membrane properties, such as the size of catalyst particles, the catalyst phase holdup, the mass transfer coefficient between the continuous phase and catalyst particles, etc. The simple, mathematical equations that have been developed can be easily used to predict inlet and outlet mass transfer rates and the concentration distribution in the catalytic membrane layer. The mathematical model has been verified by means of experimental data taken from the literature.
Note de contenu :	Bibiogr.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie900699p

[article]
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 3 (Fevrier 2010) . - pp. 1057–1062

Titre :	Mass transfer through a convection flow catalytic membrane layer with dispersed nanometer-sized catalyst
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Endre Nagy, Auteur
Année de publication :	2010
Article en page(s) :	pp. 1057–1062
Note générale :	Industrial Chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Mass--Transfer--Convection--Flow--Catalytic--Layer--Membrane--Catalyst--Nanometer
Résumé :	Mass transfer rates across catalytic membrane interfaces accompanied by first-order, irreversible reactions have been investigated. The catalyst particles impregnated in the membrane matrix are assumed to be very fine, nanometer-sized particles which are uniformly distributed in the structure of the membrane layer. A pseudohomogeneous model has been developed to describe mass transport through this catalytic membrane layer. Explicit mathematical equations have been given for the prediction of mass transfer rates and the concentration distribution as a function of the physical and chemical parameters, taking into account both diffusive and convective flow through the catalytic membrane layer. The mass transfer rate as well as the reaction modulus are strongly influenced by the membrane properties, such as the size of catalyst particles, the catalyst phase holdup, the mass transfer coefficient between the continuous phase and catalyst particles, etc. The simple, mathematical equations that have been developed can be easily used to predict inlet and outlet mass transfer rates and the concentration distribution in the catalytic membrane layer. The mathematical model has been verified by means of experimental data taken from the literature.
Note de contenu :	Bibiogr.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie900699p

[article]
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 3 (Fevrier 2010) . - pp. 1050–1056

Titre :	Reactive vaporization of crude glycerol in a fluidized bed reactor
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	B. Rafii Sereshki, Auteur ; S.-J. Balan, Auteur ; G. S. Patience, Auteur
Année de publication :	2010
Article en page(s) :	pp. 1050–1056
Note générale :	Indutrial Chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Vaporization--Crude Glycerol--Fluidized--Bed--Reactor
Résumé :	Crude glycerol is a coproduct of the trans-esterification of vegetable oil and animal fat to biodiesel that contains as much as 5% salt. Processing the glycerol to value added products often requires an expensive distillation step. In this work, we propose a new process in which crude liquid glycerol is fed directly to a fluidized bed, vaporizes, and then reacts to form acrolein over a tungsten doped zirconia catalyst. Salt in the crude glycerol crystallizes and accumulates in the fluid bed. In a commercial process, the salt crystals will be subject to significant mechanical stresses that will cause them to attrit. The attrited powder will be elutriated from the bed and collected by filters. The focus of this work has been to evaluate the effect of salt on catalyst activity as well as its attrition resistance. Thus far, there is little evidence of salt crystallization or migration to the interior of the catalyst particles—after more than 1 day of continuous operation, catalyst activity remained unchanged. Tests on a standard air jet mill suggest that the mechanical stresses typical of a fluidized bed will be sufficient to attrit the salt and thus minimize its accumulation in the reactor with time.
Note de contenu :	Bibiogr.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie9006968

[article]
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 3 (Fevrier 2010) . - pp. 1041–1049

Titre :	CO2 absorption in a microstructured mesh reactor
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Achilleas Constantinou, Auteur ; Asterios Gavriilidis, Auteur
Année de publication :	2010
Article en page(s) :	pp. 1041–1049
Note générale :	Industrial Chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	CO2--Absorption--Microstructured--Mesh--Reactor
Résumé :	Carbon dioxide absorption in sodium hydroxide solution was studied in a metal mesh microstructured reactor. The reactor comprised of a microstructured metal mesh placed between two acrylic plates. Channels were machined in the plates with 0.85 mm and 0.2 mm depth forming the areas where gas and liquid flowed, respectively. The reactor was 192 mm × 97 mm (length × width). Experimental data were obtained for 2 M NaOH and 20 vol % CO2 inlet concentrations, for various liquid and gas flow rates, while keeping the molar flow rate ratio CO2/NaOH at 0.6. Results showed that in less than 1.2 s gas residence time approximately 30% of the carbon dioxide was removed. A two-dimensional model of the reactor where the solid area of the mesh was neglected and its percentage open area was used to modify the effective length of the reactor (segregated model) was formulated. This model’s predictions gave better agreement with the experimental results compared to a pseudohomogeneous model where the diffusivities in the mesh were approximated with effective diffusivities based on mesh percentage open area. The model indicated that carbon dioxide was consumed within a short distance from the gas−liquid interface and the main mass transfer resistance was located in the mesh. Increasing the open area of the mesh increases CO2 removal as observed both theoretically and experimentally.
Note de contenu :	Bibiogr.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie900697u

[article]
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 3 (Fevrier 2010) . - pp. 1033–1040

Titre :	Transient behavior and stability in miniaturized multiphase packed bed reactors
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Nathalie Márquez, Auteur ; Pedro Castano, Auteur ; Jacob A. Moulijn †, Auteur
Année de publication :	2010
Article en page(s) :	pp. 1033–1040
Note générale :	Industrial Chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Transient--Behavior--Stability--Miniaturized--Multiphase--Reactors
Résumé :	The step response, including various startup procedures, in a three-phase microreactor of 2 mm internal diameter packed with nonporous particles of 100 μm is reported. We demonstrate that the bed behaves reproducibly through many cycles of operating conditions. Interestingly, we find that the different startup procedures have little effect on the steady state that is achieved. In other words, minimal hysteresis was observed, in sharp contrast to larger-scale reactors with larger particles where prewetting has a remarkable impact on the hydrodynamic behavior. The powder-packed beds have very high liquid saturation values, and prewetting is not needed. At least four liquid-residence times were needed to achieve stable pressure drop and dispersion values over the bed. This indicates that the hydrodynamic response into a stable operation may well be the limiting factor that determines the rate at which kinetic experiments can be performed in high-throughput equipment.
Note de contenu :	Bibiogr.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie900694r

[article]
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 3 (Fevrier 2010) . - pp. 1027–1032

Titre :	Immobilized palladium nanoparticles catalyzed oxidative carbonylation of amines
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Mahesh R. Didgikar, Auteur ; Debdut Roy, Auteur ; Sunil P. Gupte, Auteur
Année de publication :	2010
Article en page(s) :	pp. 1027–1032
Note générale :	Industrial Chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Immobilized--Palladium--Nanoparticles-- Catalyzed--Oxidative--Carbonylation--Amines
Résumé :	Catalytic application of immobilized palladium nanoparticles for synthesis of ureas by oxidative carbonylation of amines has been investigated. This is the first report on oxidative carbonylation of amines to ureas using immobilized palladium nanoparticles catalyst. The palladium nanoparticles were immobilized on a NaY zeolite support through 3-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane (APTS) as anchoring agent. The [Pd]-APTS-Y catalyst along with NaI promoter showed high conversion and selectivity to the desired urea products over several amine compounds including an example of an aliphatic amine precursor even at 333 K. The immobilized catalyst was easily separated and recycled several times without any loss of activity. The role of different solvents, iodide promoters, iodide to Pd ratio, concentration of substrates, and temperature on the overall yield of the reaction was also investigated.
Note de contenu :	Bibiogr.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie9007024

[article]
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 3 (Fevrier 2010) . - pp. 1018–1026

Titre :	Kinetics of hydrogen uptake and release from heteroaromatic compounds for hydrogen storage
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Farnaz Sotoodeh, Auteur ; Kevin J. Smith, Auteur
Année de publication :	2010
Article en page(s) :	pp. 1018–1026
Note générale :	Industrial Chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Kinetics--Hydrogen--Uptake--Compounds--Heteroaromatic--Hydrogen--Storage--
Résumé :	The kinetics of hydrogen uptake by N-ethylcarbazole and carbazole, and the kinetics of H2 release from their hydrogenated products, is reported. The hydrogenation of N-ethylcarbazole at 130−150 °C on Ru was well described by a network of first-order stepwise hydrogenation reactions. The hydrogenation of N-ethylcarbazole was significantly faster than the hydrogenation of carbazole, and in both cases, >95% selectivity to the completely hydrogenated products, dodecahydro-N-ethylcarbazole and dodecahydrocarbazole, was achieved. The dehydrogenation of dodecahydro-N-ethylcarbazole at 101 kPa and 150−170 °C, proceeded to 100% conversion of the reactant over a Pd catalyst within 1 h. However, only 69% of the stored H2 was recovered due to a low selectivity to N-ethylcarbazole. In the case of dodecahydrocarbazole dehydrogenation at 101 kPa and 170 °C over the same Pd catalyst, 28% H2 recovery was obtained due to the strong adsorption of the product carbazole on the catalyst surface that also resulted in a slower rate of dodecahydrocarbazole dehydrogenation compared to dodecahydro-N-ethylcarbazole.
Note de contenu :	Bibiogr.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie9007002

[article]
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 3 (Fevrier 2010) . - pp. 1010–1017

Titre :	Effect of the catalyst load on syngas production in short contact time catalytic partial oxidation reactors
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	S. Specchia, Auteur ; L. D. Vella, Auteur ; B. Lorenzut, Auteur
Année de publication :	2010
Article en page(s) :	pp. 1010–1017
Note générale :	Industrial Chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Catalyst--Syngas--Production--Contact-- Partial--Oxidation Reactors--Load--Short Time
Résumé :	pp 1010–1017
Note de contenu :	Bibiogr.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie900695j

[article]
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 3 (Fevrier 2010) . - pp. 1001–1009

Titre :	Hydrodynamic characteristics of dual- impeller configurations in a multiple-phase stirred tank
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Wang, Tao, Auteur ; Gengzhi Yu, Auteur ; Yumei Yong, Auteur
Année de publication :	2010
Article en page(s) :	pp. 1001–1009
Note générale :	Industrial Chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Hydrodynamic--Dual-Impeller--Configurations--Multiple--Tank
Résumé :	Experiments are carried out in a baffled flat-bottom stirred tank to test five dual-impeller configurations, including a new type of impeller, alternate blade disk turbine (ABDT). Power consumptions in gas−liquid, liquid−solid, and gas−liquid−solid systems are determined by the shaft-torque method. It is found that the configuration with an axial impeller consumes less energy than that with a radial one in all multiple-phase systems. The correlations between power input and gas flow rate or solid concentration are also discussed. Power number reaches a limit with the increase of Reynolds number in liquid−solid systems. Aeration is proved to be harmful to solid suspension. Mixing time and solid particle concentration are measured by the electric conductivity method and Powder Voidmeter PC-6, respectively. The mixing modes (axial and radial) are proposed in the light of impeller types and flow patterns. The experimental results show that the mixing time of the double radial impeller configuration is the shortest, while the double axial impeller combination performs worst. Judging from the axial solid particle concentration distribution and overall suspension uniformity, the combination taking pitched blade turbine downflow (PBTD) as the lower impeller achieves the best solid suspension.
Note de contenu :	Bibiogr.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie9006886

[article]
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 3 (Fevrier 2010) . - pp. 996–1000

Titre :	Counteracting catalyst deactivation in methane aromatization with a two zone fluidized bed reactor
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	María Pilar Gimeno, Auteur ; Jaime Soler, Auteur ; Javier Herguido, Auteur
Année de publication :	2010
Article en page(s) :	pp. 996–1000
Note générale :	Idustrial Chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Catalyst Deactivation--Methane--Aromatization--Bed--Fluidized Reacto
Résumé :	Methane aromatization is a promising alternative for the transformation of natural gas to liquid products but suffers the problem of a fast catalyst deactivation. The use of a two zone fluidized bed reactor (TZFBR) has been studied as a method to counteract this problem. In this reactor, two zones are created in a fluid bed by feeding the hydrocarbon at an intermediate point and a regenerating gas to the bottom of the reactor. A suitable catalyst for operation in the fluid bed has been developed. The results show that the TZFBR provides stable operation, thanks to the in situ regeneration of the catalyst in the lower part of the reactor. Three regenerating agents have been tested: oxygen, water, and carbon dioxide. Steady state operation has been achieved with all of them, but the best selectivity to aromatic products (benzene, toluene, and xylenes) was obtained with carbon dioxide. A significant effect of the reactor shape was also observed. The conversion and selectivity achieved with this reactor appear among the best values reported in the literature, with the advantage of being obtained at a steady state.
Note de contenu :	Biboigr.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie900682y

[article]
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 3 (Fevrier 2010) . - pp. 989–995

Titre :	Regeneration of activated carbon by (photo)-fenton oxidation
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Cínthia T. Muranaka, Auteur ; Carine Julcour, Auteur ; Anne-Marie Wilhelm, Auteur
Année de publication :	2010
Article en page(s) :	pp. 989–995
Note générale :	Industrial Chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Carbon--Photo--Fenton--Oxidation
Résumé :	This work aims to study the adsorption of phenol on activated carbons (ACs) and the consecutive in situ regeneration of carbon by Fenton oxidation. Two different operations have been carried out: (1) a batch procedure in order to investigate the influence of Fe2+ and H2O2 concentrations; (2) continuous fixed bed adsorption, followed by a batch circulation of the Fenton’s reagent through the saturated AC bed, to examine the efficiency of the real process. Two different activated carbons have been also studied: a both micro- and mesoporous AC (L27) and an only microporous one (S23). In the batch reactor the best conditions found for pollutant mineralization in the homogeneous Fenton system are not the best for AC regeneration: a continuous reduction of adsorption capacity of L27 is observed after 3 oxidations, due to the decrease of both AC weight and surface area. Higher concentration of Fe2+ and lower concentration of H2O2 (2 times the stoichiometry) lead to a 50% recovery of the initial adsorption capacity during at least four consecutive cycles for L27, while about 20% or less for S23. In the consecutive continuous adsorption/batch Fenton oxidation process, the regeneration efficiency reaches 30−40% for L27 after two cycles whatever the feed concentration and less than 10% for S23. A photo-Fenton test performed on L27 shows almost complete mineralization (contrary to “dark” Fenton) and further improves recovery of AC adsorption capacity although not complete (56% after two cycles).
Note de contenu :	Bibiogr.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie900675d

[article]
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 3 (Fevrier 2010) . - pp. 980–988

Titre :	Hydrogenation of 2-butyne-1,4-diol using novel bio-palladium catalysts
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Joseph Wood, Auteur ; Lucille Bodenes, Auteur ; James Bennett, Auteur
Année de publication :	2010
Article en page(s) :	pp. 980–988
Note générale :	Industrial Chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Hydrogenation--Butyne--diol--Catalysts-- Novel--Bio-Palladium
Résumé :	Palladium catalyst samples were prepared upon bacterial biomass supports (Gram-positive A. oxidans and Gram-negative R. capsulatus) and tested in the partial hydrogenation of 2-butyne-1,4-diol to 2-butene-1,4-diol. The objectives of the study were to assess the effects of operating conditions in the stirred autoclave upon the reaction conversion and selectivity and to compare the biologically supported palladium (BioPd) catalyst performance with that of a conventionally supported catalyst. Variables investigated included solvent, stirring speed, and catalyst metal loading. A maximum selectivity toward 2-butene-1,4-diol of 0.98 was observed in a solvent composed of 5% isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) in water at a conversion of 75% 2-butyne-1,4-diol for the Pd/A. oxidans catalyst. The Pd/R.capsulatas catalyst showed a maximum selectivity of 1.0 at a conversion of 62.6%. Concentration profiles of the different hydrogenation products were fitted using a Langmuir−Hinshelwood expression, which showed a higher fitted adsorption constant of 2-butyne-1,4-diol in a 5% 2-propanol/water solvent, compared with pure 2-propanol, suggesting that adsorption is stronger in the mixed solvent. At a typical catalyst loading of 0.29 g/L (Pd/R. capsulatus), analysis of the mass-transfer steps in the reactor showed that 63% of the resistance to mass transfer lies at the catalyst (liquid−solid) particle and 37% lies at the gas bubble interface. BioPd was proven to be a highly selective catalyst for partial hydrogenation reactions and has the advantage that it can be prepared inexpensively from metal-waste-bearing solutions.
Note de contenu :	Bibiogr.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie900663k

[article]
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 3 (Fevrier 2010) . - pp. 971–979

Titre :	Activity and selectivity of nanostructured sulfur-doped Pd/SBA-15 catalyst for vegetable oil hardening
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Nassima Kemache, Auteur ; Safia Hamoudi, Auteur ; Joseph Arul, Auteur
Année de publication :	2010
Article en page(s) :	pp. 971–979
Note générale :	Industrial Chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Activity--Selectivity--Sulfur--Nanostructured--Catalyst--Pd/SBA-15--Doped--Vegetable--Oil--Hardening
Résumé :	Sunflower and canola oils were hardened over a novel sulfur-promoted Pd catalyst. The formulated catalyst comprised of 0.7 wt % palladium nanoparticles promoted with 0.3 wt % sulfur highly dispersed on mesoporous silica SBA-15 (0.7% Pd−0.3% S/SBA-15). The effect of temperature (80−130 °C) and H2 pressure (3.6−9.3 atm) on the activity, selectivity, and trans (TFA) and saturated (SFA) fatty acids formation were studied for both oils. Under similar temperature and H2-pressure conditions, sunflower and canola oils exhibited different reactivities toward hydrogenation. For both oils, the activity of the catalyst increased with the temperature and with the pressure. However, increasing the temperature raised the levels of trans C18:1 especially at low hydrogen pressure. Partial hydrogenation of both oils from initial iodine (IVo) values of 120−130 to a final value of 90 with the sulfur-doped Pd catalyst yielded modified oils with a low TFA level (6%) and also controlled the formation of SFA (7%) under mild temperature conditions (80 °C) and relatively moderate hydrogen pressure (9 atm). The sulfur-doped Pd catalyst proved to be versatile and more active than the Pd catalyst using similar Pd loading and reaction conditions but slightly less selective toward monoene formation. It was found that the intraparticle diffusion limitation for triglycerides does not occur during the hydrogenation of vegetable oils, but the hydrogen transfer limitation cannot be neglected and could partially explain the formation of trans-fatty acids. Modulating the Weisz−Prater modulus used to demonstrate the presence of H2 intraparticle gradients could be a criterion to control the hydrogenation and cis−trans isomerization activities.
Note de contenu :	Bibiogr.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie9006529

[article]
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 3 (Fevrier 2010) . - pp. 964–970

Titre :	New process for producing epichlorohydrin via glycerol chlorination
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	E. Santacesaria, Auteur ; R. Tesser, Auteur ; M. Di Serio, Auteur
Année de publication :	2010
Article en page(s) :	pp. 964–970
Note générale :	Industrial Chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Glycerol--Epichlorohydrin--Chlorination
Résumé :	The strong growth of biodiesel production occurring in the last years has determined the availability of a great amount of the byproduct glycerol. Many researches in the world are therefore oriented to find new possible uses for glycerol also with the aim of reducing the cost of biodiesel. In this paper the chlorination of glycerol with gaseous hydrochloric acid to obtain 1,3-dichlorohydrin and then epichlorohydrin will be described. All the advantages of this process will be examined and discussed. The behavior of the different proposed catalysts (normally compounds containing carboxylic acid groups), the reaction kinetics, the effect of the catalyst concentration, the effect of HCl pressure, the vapor−liquid phase equilibria of the reaction products in the reaction environment, and the most convenient operative conditions have been studied, concluding with useful suggestions for the design of the industrial plants.
Note de contenu :	Bibiogr.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie900650x

[article]
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 3 (Fevrier 2010) . - pp. 953–963

Titre :	Technology for producing petrochemical feedstock from heavy aromatic oil fractions
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Vasily Simanzhenkov, Auteur ; Michael C. Oballa, Auteur ; Grace Kim, Auteur
Année de publication :	2010
Article en page(s) :	pp. 953–963
Note générale :	Industrial Chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Technology--Petrochemical--Feedstock--Oil--Aromatic--Fractions--Heavy
Résumé :	NOVA Chemicals’ olefins and polyolefins business in Alberta is primarily based on ethane as feed. Historically, Alberta’s competitive advantage in the petrochemical industry has been the plentiful supplies of low cost natural gas and associated ethane feedstock. The growing production of oil from oil sands and the accompanying heavy oil fraction presents a new opportunity for growth and feedstock diversification in the petrochemical industry, provided that these heavy oils can be transformed economically into feed to petrochemical plants. With an estimated quantity of approximately 2.5 trillion barrels of bitumen in the ground, the Alberta oil sands are one of Canada’s major energy resources. At present, this enormous quantity translates into as much as 173 billion barrels of economically viable oil, second only in size to Saudi Arabia. Thus oil sands are a significant hydrocarbon source not only for Canada, but also for the world. Over the past number of years NOVA Chemicals has systematically studied catalytic technologies that can be used to convert heavy oil sands derived fractions into olefins, aromatics-rich products, and other high demand petrochemicals. Work was carried out in collaboration with external academic institutions and with the support of the Alberta government focusing on selection and development of specialized catalysts and process technologies. The work has resulted in the development of two novel, breakthrough processes and a number of catalysts, which not only allow significant feedstock flexibility to the petrochemicals producer but also considerably decrease the amount of emissions produced and energy consumed per ton of produced high demand petrochemicals due to application of catalysis. This paper presents the process configuration and research results from studies undertaken and shows that it is feasible to produce petrochemical feedstock or basic petrochemicals from heavy oil fractions derived from oil sands at competitive costs via two different catalytic processes. Examples of experimental results of catalysts testing are presented for both processes.
Note de contenu :	Bibiogr.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie900609d

[article]
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 3 (Fevrier 2010) . - pp. 934–952

Titre :	Cyclic operation strategies in trickle beds and electrical capacitance tomography imaging of filtration dynamics
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Mohsen Hamidipour, Auteur ; Faïçal Larachi, Auteur ; Zbigniew Ring, Auteur
Année de publication :	2010
Article en page(s) :	pp. 934–952
Note générale :	Industrial Chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Cyclic--Trickle Beds--Electrical Capacitance--Tomography--Imaging--Filtration Dynamics
Résumé :	The dynamics of propagating liquid pulsations generated via various cyclic operation strategies in trickle beds was monitored through electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) for gas and liquid superficial velocities in the range of trickle flow regime. The characteristics of ON−OFF liquid, ON−OFF gas, and gas/liquid alternating cyclic operations were compared in terms of mean liquid holdup, pressure drop, pulsation intensity, pulsation propagation velocity, and spatial maldistribution maps of liquid holdup and liquid pulsation propagation velocity. The morphological features of liquid holdup pulsations as a function of cycle frequency were characterized in terms of breakthrough, plateau, and decay times. Gas/liquid alternating cyclic strategy was shown to produce long-lived liquid pulsations under the applied operating conditions and thus could be viewed as a new process intensification means to achieve uniform phase holdup and velocity distributions. In ON−OFF liquid cyclic operation, pulsation velocity did not increase along the bed unlike the ON−OFF gas and gas/liquid alternating cyclic modes where increased pulsation velocities were able to give rise to pulse flow regime. The gas/liquid alternating cyclic operation resulted in the shortest breakthrough and decay times and the longest plateau time, thus approaching the ideal square-shaped inlet pulsations for symmetrical splits. ECT imaging was also used to scrutinize the dynamics of local deposition of fines in trickle beds fed with kaolin suspensions under the three cyclic operations. Data revealed that applying ON−OFF gas and gas/liquid alternating cyclic methods resulted in significant reduction of fines deposition. This suggests new practical solutions for possible industrial implementation of self-cleaning modulation strategies of trickle beds subject to unwanted filtration during suspension flows.
Note de contenu :	Bibiogr.
ISSN :	0885-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie900605b

Industrial & engineering chemistry research / Paul, Donald R. . Vol. 49 N° 3

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