Dépouillements

A practical approach for optimization of infill well placement in tight gas reservoirs / Yueming Cheng in Journal of natural gas science and engineering, Vol. 1 N° 6 (Décembre 2009) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 1 N° 6 (Décembre 2009) . - pp. 165-176 Titre : A practical approach for optimization of infill well placement in tight gas reservoirs Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Yueming Cheng, Auteur ; Duane A. McVay, Auteur ; W. John Lee, Auteur Article en page(s) : pp. 165-176 Note générale : Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Tight  gas  reservoir  Optimal  infill  well  placement  Reservoir  characterization  Inverse  modeling  Automatic  history  matching  Production  forecast Index. décimale : 665.7 Résumé : Despite their low production rates, tight gas wells contribute significantly to the Nation's energy supply. Because permeabilities in tight reservoirs can be as low as fractions of a millidarcy, or even in the microdarcy range, drainage areas are small and many more wells are needed to drain tight gas fields than conventional gas fields. Infill drilling has been the most common and effective means to revitalize tight gas fields, by adding new reserves and accelerating recovery. Given the marginal nature of tight gas fields, optimization of infill well placement is extremely important to ensure economic viability of infill drilling programs. However, optimal placement of infill wells in tight gas fields is challenging. First, the reservoirs are usually quite complex and reservoir characteristics are often not well understood, even though most of these fields are mature. Second, data are usually scarce. It is not uncommon for only production data to be available in a marginal, tight gas field. Third, these fields often contain a large number of existing wells, which can require the evaluation of hundreds of potential infill drilling candidates. Finally, interference between wells affects placement of infill drilling wells and must be considered in the evaluation. Given the marginal nature of these gas fields, a conventional evaluation approach, such as detailed reservoir characterization and simulation, is usually prohibitively time-consuming and costly. Thus, a rapid and cost-effective approach to optimal infill drilling design that adequately addresses these issues would be quite valuable to operators. In this paper, we present a systematic methodology for efficient design of an infill drilling scheme for marginal gas reservoirs. The approach consists of two major components. The first is a sequential inversion algorithm for rapid history matching. The algorithm is conditional to the correlation between permeability and porosity, if any. The inversion provides not only the spatial distribution of both permeability and pore volume, but also the spatial distribution of remaining gas in place. The second component of the approach is a successive selection strategy for infill candidate locations. The method fully addresses well interference between existing and infill wells, as well as interference between infill wells. It is rapid and cost effective. Synthetic and field examples are provided to demonstrate the applicability and power of the method. DEWEY : 665.7 ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=PublicationURL&_tockey=%23TOC%2356453%2 [...] [article] A practical approach for optimization of infill well placement in tight gas reservoirs [texte imprimé] / Yueming Cheng, Auteur ; Duane A. McVay, Auteur ; W. John Lee, Auteur . - pp. 165-176. Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 1 N° 6 (Décembre 2009) . - pp. 165-176 Mots-clés : Tight  gas  reservoir  Optimal  infill  well  placement  Reservoir  characterization  Inverse  modeling  Automatic  history  matching  Production  forecast Index. décimale : 665.7 Résumé : Despite their low production rates, tight gas wells contribute significantly to the Nation's energy supply. Because permeabilities in tight reservoirs can be as low as fractions of a millidarcy, or even in the microdarcy range, drainage areas are small and many more wells are needed to drain tight gas fields than conventional gas fields. Infill drilling has been the most common and effective means to revitalize tight gas fields, by adding new reserves and accelerating recovery. Given the marginal nature of tight gas fields, optimization of infill well placement is extremely important to ensure economic viability of infill drilling programs. However, optimal placement of infill wells in tight gas fields is challenging. First, the reservoirs are usually quite complex and reservoir characteristics are often not well understood, even though most of these fields are mature. Second, data are usually scarce. It is not uncommon for only production data to be available in a marginal, tight gas field. Third, these fields often contain a large number of existing wells, which can require the evaluation of hundreds of potential infill drilling candidates. Finally, interference between wells affects placement of infill drilling wells and must be considered in the evaluation. Given the marginal nature of these gas fields, a conventional evaluation approach, such as detailed reservoir characterization and simulation, is usually prohibitively time-consuming and costly. Thus, a rapid and cost-effective approach to optimal infill drilling design that adequately addresses these issues would be quite valuable to operators. In this paper, we present a systematic methodology for efficient design of an infill drilling scheme for marginal gas reservoirs. The approach consists of two major components. The first is a sequential inversion algorithm for rapid history matching. The algorithm is conditional to the correlation between permeability and porosity, if any. The inversion provides not only the spatial distribution of both permeability and pore volume, but also the spatial distribution of remaining gas in place. The second component of the approach is a successive selection strategy for infill candidate locations. The method fully addresses well interference between existing and infill wells, as well as interference between infill wells. It is rapid and cost effective. Synthetic and field examples are provided to demonstrate the applicability and power of the method. DEWEY : 665.7 ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=PublicationURL&_tockey=%23TOC%2356453%2 [...]

Mathematical model for calculating the dispersion coefficient of super critical CO2 from the results of laboratory experiments on enhanced gas recovery / Hiwa Sidiq in Journal of natural gas science and engineering, Vol. 1 N° 6 (Décembre 2009) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 1 N° 6 (Décembre 2009) . - pp. 177-182 Titre : Mathematical model for calculating the dispersion coefficient of super critical CO2 from the results of laboratory experiments on enhanced gas recovery Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Hiwa Sidiq, Auteur ; Robert Amin, Auteur Article en page(s) : pp. 177-182 Note générale : Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Dispersion  and  diffusion  CO2  injection  Natural  gas  recovery Index. décimale : 665.7 Résumé : A straightforward method is presented for calculating the dispersion coefficient of super-critical carbon dioxide (SCO2) displacing methane in a linear porous reservoir. The dispersivity of SCO2 was identified to be a function of injected pressure, in-situ gas composition and injection rate. It was found to vary proportionally to changes in purity of the displaced phase and injection rate, while inversely varying with injected pressure. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of injection rates and various test conditions (pressure and temperature) on recovery efficiency. Experimental results revealed methane recovery is improved with increasing pore pressure and composition of the in-situ gas, while poor recovery efficiency resulted with decreasing injection rates below 10 cm/h. All experiments were carried out on the same core plug from a single gas field. The dimension of the core was measured as 19.41 cm in length and 12.255 cm in diameter. Preliminary tests indicated air permeability of 92.5 md and porosity of 0.143. DEWEY : 665.7 ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=PublicationURL&_tockey=%23TOC%2356453%2 [...] [article] Mathematical model for calculating the dispersion coefficient of super critical CO2 from the results of laboratory experiments on enhanced gas recovery [texte imprimé] / Hiwa Sidiq, Auteur ; Robert Amin, Auteur . - pp. 177-182. Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 1 N° 6 (Décembre 2009) . - pp. 177-182 Mots-clés : Dispersion  and  diffusion  CO2  injection  Natural  gas  recovery Index. décimale : 665.7 Résumé : A straightforward method is presented for calculating the dispersion coefficient of super-critical carbon dioxide (SCO2) displacing methane in a linear porous reservoir. The dispersivity of SCO2 was identified to be a function of injected pressure, in-situ gas composition and injection rate. It was found to vary proportionally to changes in purity of the displaced phase and injection rate, while inversely varying with injected pressure. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of injection rates and various test conditions (pressure and temperature) on recovery efficiency. Experimental results revealed methane recovery is improved with increasing pore pressure and composition of the in-situ gas, while poor recovery efficiency resulted with decreasing injection rates below 10 cm/h. All experiments were carried out on the same core plug from a single gas field. The dimension of the core was measured as 19.41 cm in length and 12.255 cm in diameter. Preliminary tests indicated air permeability of 92.5 md and porosity of 0.143. DEWEY : 665.7 ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=PublicationURL&_tockey=%23TOC%2356453%2 [...]

Catalytic behaviors of bifunctional Fe-HZSM-5 catalyst in Fischer–Tropsch synthesis / Ali Nakhaei Pour in Journal of natural gas science and engineering, Vol. 1 N° 6 (Décembre 2009) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 1 N° 6 (Décembre 2009) . - pp. 183-189 Titre : Catalytic behaviors of bifunctional Fe-HZSM-5 catalyst in Fischer–Tropsch synthesis Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Ali Nakhaei Pour, Auteur ; Masoud Zare, Auteur ; Seyed Mehdi Kamali Shahri, Auteur Article en page(s) : pp. 183-189 Note générale : Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Iron  catalyst  HZSM-5  zeolite  Bifunctional  catalyst  Fischer–Tropsch  synthesis Index. décimale : 665.7 Résumé : Fe-HZSM-5 bifunctional catalyst activity and products selectivity in Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) were investigated. HZSM-5 zeolite and iron catalyst were become near to each other step-by-step. In first step, zeolite just affected gaseous products after FTS reaction on iron catalyst. In other conditions, zeolite was incorporated in FTS process to be included in cracking and aromatization reactions. The results revealed that role of zeolite in overall reaction were increased from completely separated condition to physically mixed condition. Addition of binder in physically mixed condition was led to cover the active sites of bifunctional iron–zeolite catalyst and decrease activity of zeolite and iron catalyst. Also, decreasing amounts of Brønsted acid sites after FT reaction was related to zeolite incorporation in overall reaction that was decreased by closing the zeolite to the iron catalyst. HZSM-5 addition to FT catalyst suppressed the formation of oxygenates, which are converted to hydrocarbons on the zeolite acid sites. Furthermore, zeolite increased CO2 selectivity slightly because of oxygenate decomposition into CO2 as a side reaction that showed by co-feeding of light alcohol (with 14C) to FTS in previous works. DEWEY : 665.7 ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=PublicationURL&_tockey=%23TOC%2356453%2 [...] [article] Catalytic behaviors of bifunctional Fe-HZSM-5 catalyst in Fischer–Tropsch synthesis [texte imprimé] / Ali Nakhaei Pour, Auteur ; Masoud Zare, Auteur ; Seyed Mehdi Kamali Shahri, Auteur . - pp. 183-189. Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 1 N° 6 (Décembre 2009) . - pp. 183-189 Mots-clés : Iron  catalyst  HZSM-5  zeolite  Bifunctional  catalyst  Fischer–Tropsch  synthesis Index. décimale : 665.7 Résumé : Fe-HZSM-5 bifunctional catalyst activity and products selectivity in Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) were investigated. HZSM-5 zeolite and iron catalyst were become near to each other step-by-step. In first step, zeolite just affected gaseous products after FTS reaction on iron catalyst. In other conditions, zeolite was incorporated in FTS process to be included in cracking and aromatization reactions. The results revealed that role of zeolite in overall reaction were increased from completely separated condition to physically mixed condition. Addition of binder in physically mixed condition was led to cover the active sites of bifunctional iron–zeolite catalyst and decrease activity of zeolite and iron catalyst. Also, decreasing amounts of Brønsted acid sites after FT reaction was related to zeolite incorporation in overall reaction that was decreased by closing the zeolite to the iron catalyst. HZSM-5 addition to FT catalyst suppressed the formation of oxygenates, which are converted to hydrocarbons on the zeolite acid sites. Furthermore, zeolite increased CO2 selectivity slightly because of oxygenate decomposition into CO2 as a side reaction that showed by co-feeding of light alcohol (with 14C) to FTS in previous works. DEWEY : 665.7 ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=PublicationURL&_tockey=%23TOC%2356453%2 [...]

Gas-to-Liquid technology / I. Onwukwe Stanley in Journal of natural gas science and engineering, Vol. 1 N° 6 (Décembre 2009) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 1 N° 6 (Décembre 2009) . - pp. 190-194 Titre : Gas-to-Liquid technology : prospect for natural gas utilization in Nigeria Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : I. Onwukwe Stanley, Auteur Article en page(s) : pp. 190-194 Note générale : Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Natural  gas  Gas-to-Liquid  Gas  utilization  Transportation  fuel Index. décimale : 665.7 Résumé : Since the inception of oil and gas exploitation and production in Nigeria, a significant amount of energy resources have been wasted through the continuous flaring of Natural gas. Subsequent to the Government directive of reducing flared gas by 2008, there has been a drastic reduction in the quantity of flared gas. This reduction resulted from a number of gas utilization projects embarked upon by the Government and oil operators, whose main targets are overseas gas markets. This article examines the prospect of Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) conversion technology as a sustainable natural gas utilization option. Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) Technology enables the chemical conversion of natural gas into clean diesel, naphtha, kerosene and light oils, which are ready-to-use marketable liquid products. These liquid alternatives can be distributed through the same channels existing for petroleum products. This conversion also contributes to the elimination of flared gas and reduces the country's overdependence on imported refined petroleum products. DEWEY : 665.7 ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=PublicationURL&_tockey=%23TOC%2356453%2 [...] [article] Gas-to-Liquid technology : prospect for natural gas utilization in Nigeria [texte imprimé] / I. Onwukwe Stanley, Auteur . - pp. 190-194. Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 1 N° 6 (Décembre 2009) . - pp. 190-194 Mots-clés : Natural  gas  Gas-to-Liquid  Gas  utilization  Transportation  fuel Index. décimale : 665.7 Résumé : Since the inception of oil and gas exploitation and production in Nigeria, a significant amount of energy resources have been wasted through the continuous flaring of Natural gas. Subsequent to the Government directive of reducing flared gas by 2008, there has been a drastic reduction in the quantity of flared gas. This reduction resulted from a number of gas utilization projects embarked upon by the Government and oil operators, whose main targets are overseas gas markets. This article examines the prospect of Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) conversion technology as a sustainable natural gas utilization option. Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) Technology enables the chemical conversion of natural gas into clean diesel, naphtha, kerosene and light oils, which are ready-to-use marketable liquid products. These liquid alternatives can be distributed through the same channels existing for petroleum products. This conversion also contributes to the elimination of flared gas and reduces the country's overdependence on imported refined petroleum products. DEWEY : 665.7 ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=PublicationURL&_tockey=%23TOC%2356453%2 [...]

Modeling and simulation of sour gas membrane-absorption system: Influence of operational parameters on species removal / S. Mohebi in Journal of natural gas science and engineering, Vol. 1 N° 6 (Décembre 2009) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 1 N° 6 (Décembre 2009) . - pp. 195-204 Titre : Modeling and simulation of sour gas membrane-absorption system: Influence of operational parameters on species removal Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : S. Mohebi, Auteur ; S. M. Mousavi, Auteur ; S. Kiani, Auteur Article en page(s) : pp. 195-204 Note générale : Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Modeling  Simulation  Sweetening  Sour  gas  Membrane  Separation Index. décimale : 665.7 Résumé : Membrane-based gas separation process is an effective method for separation of species from gas mixtures. Combination of membrane process with other separation methods such as absorption is an appropriate method for gas separation. One of applications of hybrid systems of membrane–absorption is sour gas sweetening. In this paper, the hollow fiber membrane contactor and amine solution are used for separation of CO2 and H2S from CO2/H2S/CH4 gas mixture. Sour gas and amine solution enter the shell and fiber respectively. CO2 and H2S react with the amine solution. Reaction mechanism and equations for three phases of gas, liquid, and membrane are needed for modeling of this system. MATLAB software is used for simulation. The results show that concentrations of CO2 and H2S decrease in the beginning of the fiber. Liquid phase is controlling phase. Furthermore, pressure increase has a positive effect on separation. DEWEY : 665.7 ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=PublicationURL&_tockey=%23TOC%2356453%2 [...] [article] Modeling and simulation of sour gas membrane-absorption system: Influence of operational parameters on species removal [texte imprimé] / S. Mohebi, Auteur ; S. M. Mousavi, Auteur ; S. Kiani, Auteur . - pp. 195-204. Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 1 N° 6 (Décembre 2009) . - pp. 195-204 Mots-clés : Modeling  Simulation  Sweetening  Sour  gas  Membrane  Separation Index. décimale : 665.7 Résumé : Membrane-based gas separation process is an effective method for separation of species from gas mixtures. Combination of membrane process with other separation methods such as absorption is an appropriate method for gas separation. One of applications of hybrid systems of membrane–absorption is sour gas sweetening. In this paper, the hollow fiber membrane contactor and amine solution are used for separation of CO2 and H2S from CO2/H2S/CH4 gas mixture. Sour gas and amine solution enter the shell and fiber respectively. CO2 and H2S react with the amine solution. Reaction mechanism and equations for three phases of gas, liquid, and membrane are needed for modeling of this system. MATLAB software is used for simulation. The results show that concentrations of CO2 and H2S decrease in the beginning of the fiber. Liquid phase is controlling phase. Furthermore, pressure increase has a positive effect on separation. DEWEY : 665.7 ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=PublicationURL&_tockey=%23TOC%2356453%2 [...]

Hydrogen production from methane reforming / C. N. Ávila-Neto in Journal of natural gas science and engineering, Vol. 1 N° 6 (Décembre 2009) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 1 N° 6 (Décembre 2009) . - pp. 205-215 Titre : Hydrogen production from methane reforming : thermodynamic assessment and autothermal reactor design Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : C. N. Ávila-Neto, Auteur ; S.C. Dantas, Auteur ; F.A. Silva, Auteur Article en page(s) : pp. 205-215 Note générale : Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Methane  reforming  Hydrogen  production  Chemical  equilibrium  Modeling  and  simulation  Process  optimization  Scilab  software Index. décimale : 665.7 Résumé : In this study, a comparative thermodynamic analysis of methane reforming reactions is conducted using an in-house code. Equilibrium compositions are calculated by two distinct methods: (1) evaluation of equilibrium constants and (2) Lagrange multipliers. Both methods result in systems of non-linear algebraic equations, solved numerically using the Scilab (www.scilab.org) function “fsolve”. Effects of temperature, pressure, steam to carbon ratio (S/C) (steam reforming), CH4/CO2 ratio (dry reforming), oxygen to carbon ratio (O/C) (oxidative reforming) and steam to oxygen to carbon ratio (S/O/C) (autothermal reforming) on the reaction products are evaluated. Comparisons between experimental and simulated data, published in the literature, are used to validate the simulated results. We also present and validate a small-scale reactor model for the autothermal reforming of methane (ATR). Using this model, the reactor design is performed and key operational parameters are investigated in order to increase both H2 yield and H2/CO selectivity. The reactor model considers a mass balance equation for each component, and the set of ordinary differential equations is integrated using the Scilab function “ode”. This ATR reactor model is able to describe the influence of temperature on methane conversion profiles, aiming to maximize hydrogen production. The experimental results and the model presented good agreement for methane conversion in all studied temperature range. Through simulated data of methane conversions, hydrogen yields and H2/CO selectivity, it is observed that the best reaction temperature to maximize the yield of hydrogen for the ATR reaction is situated between 723 and 773 K. Inside these bounds, 50% of methane is converted into products. Also, the experimental data indicates that the Ni catalyst activity is not compromised. DEWEY : 665.7 ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=PublicationURL&_tockey=%23TOC%2356453%2 [...] [article] Hydrogen production from methane reforming : thermodynamic assessment and autothermal reactor design [texte imprimé] / C. N. Ávila-Neto, Auteur ; S.C. Dantas, Auteur ; F.A. Silva, Auteur . - pp. 205-215. Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 1 N° 6 (Décembre 2009) . - pp. 205-215 Mots-clés : Methane  reforming  Hydrogen  production  Chemical  equilibrium  Modeling  and  simulation  Process  optimization  Scilab  software Index. décimale : 665.7 Résumé : In this study, a comparative thermodynamic analysis of methane reforming reactions is conducted using an in-house code. Equilibrium compositions are calculated by two distinct methods: (1) evaluation of equilibrium constants and (2) Lagrange multipliers. Both methods result in systems of non-linear algebraic equations, solved numerically using the Scilab (www.scilab.org) function “fsolve”. Effects of temperature, pressure, steam to carbon ratio (S/C) (steam reforming), CH4/CO2 ratio (dry reforming), oxygen to carbon ratio (O/C) (oxidative reforming) and steam to oxygen to carbon ratio (S/O/C) (autothermal reforming) on the reaction products are evaluated. Comparisons between experimental and simulated data, published in the literature, are used to validate the simulated results. We also present and validate a small-scale reactor model for the autothermal reforming of methane (ATR). Using this model, the reactor design is performed and key operational parameters are investigated in order to increase both H2 yield and H2/CO selectivity. The reactor model considers a mass balance equation for each component, and the set of ordinary differential equations is integrated using the Scilab function “ode”. This ATR reactor model is able to describe the influence of temperature on methane conversion profiles, aiming to maximize hydrogen production. The experimental results and the model presented good agreement for methane conversion in all studied temperature range. Through simulated data of methane conversions, hydrogen yields and H2/CO selectivity, it is observed that the best reaction temperature to maximize the yield of hydrogen for the ATR reaction is situated between 723 and 773 K. Inside these bounds, 50% of methane is converted into products. Also, the experimental data indicates that the Ni catalyst activity is not compromised. DEWEY : 665.7 ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=PublicationURL&_tockey=%23TOC%2356453%2 [...]

Evaluating carbon emissions reduction by use of natural gas as engine fuel / Paola Helena Barros Zárante in Journal of natural gas science and engineering, Vol. 1 N° 6 (Décembre 2009) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 1 N° 6 (Décembre 2009) . - pp. 216-220 Titre : Evaluating carbon emissions reduction by use of natural gas as engine fuel Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Paola Helena Barros Zárante, Auteur ; José Ricardo Sodré, Auteur Article en page(s) : pp. 216-220 Note générale : Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Natural  gas  Internal  combustion  engine  Emissions  Carbon  monoxide  Carbon  dioxide  Greenhouse  gases Index. décimale : 665.7 Résumé : The exhaust emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) from a natural gas fuelled spark ignition engine have been evaluated. A production, four-cylinder, eight-valve, 1.4-l, flexible fuel engine equipped with a commercial natural gas kit was tested in a bench dynamometer. The tests were carried out simulating the standard emission test cycle U.S. FTP-75. The results demonstrate that natural gas substantially reduces exhaust CO emissions in comparison with gasoline, falling below current regulated limit even without use of catalytic converter. Use of natural gas also reduced CO2 emissions to a level below the average of European fleet. DEWEY : 665.7 ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=PublicationURL&_tockey=%23TOC%2356453%2 [...] [article] Evaluating carbon emissions reduction by use of natural gas as engine fuel [texte imprimé] / Paola Helena Barros Zárante, Auteur ; José Ricardo Sodré, Auteur . - pp. 216-220. Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 1 N° 6 (Décembre 2009) . - pp. 216-220 Mots-clés : Natural  gas  Internal  combustion  engine  Emissions  Carbon  monoxide  Carbon  dioxide  Greenhouse  gases Index. décimale : 665.7 Résumé : The exhaust emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) from a natural gas fuelled spark ignition engine have been evaluated. A production, four-cylinder, eight-valve, 1.4-l, flexible fuel engine equipped with a commercial natural gas kit was tested in a bench dynamometer. The tests were carried out simulating the standard emission test cycle U.S. FTP-75. The results demonstrate that natural gas substantially reduces exhaust CO emissions in comparison with gasoline, falling below current regulated limit even without use of catalytic converter. Use of natural gas also reduced CO2 emissions to a level below the average of European fleet. DEWEY : 665.7 ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=PublicationURL&_tockey=%23TOC%2356453%2 [...]

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