Dépouillements

Optimizing the logistics of compressed natural gas transportation by marine vessels / Michael Nikolaou in Journal of natural gas science and engineering, Vol. 2 N° 1 (Mars 2010) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 2 N° 1 (Mars 2010) . - pp. 1–20 Titre : Optimizing the logistics of compressed natural gas transportation by marine vessels Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Michael Nikolaou, Auteur Année de publication : 2010 Article en page(s) : pp. 1–20 Note générale : Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Compressed  natural  gas  Liquefied  natural  gas  Stranded  gas  Optimization Résumé : Compressed natural gas (CNG) has been recently proposed as a potentially economical alternative to liquefied natural gas (LNG) for marine transportation of relatively modest amounts of natural gas over short distances. Because the main capital expenditure in a CNG project is on marine transport vessels, careful design of CNG transport fleets and compatible distribution plans is important. In this work, a structured optimization framework is developed to uncover trends and patterns for optimal selection of the number and capacities of CNG vessels along with corresponding schedules for CNG distribution. An important conclusion from this analysis is that medium-capacity vessels may result in lower capacity for an entire fleet, thus offering significant economical advantages. A case study of potential CNG distribution in the Caribbean illustrates the proposed approach. DEWEY : 665.7 ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875510010000107 [article] Optimizing the logistics of compressed natural gas transportation by marine vessels [texte imprimé] / Michael Nikolaou, Auteur . - 2010 . - pp. 1–20. Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 2 N° 1 (Mars 2010) . - pp. 1–20 Mots-clés : Compressed  natural  gas  Liquefied  natural  gas  Stranded  gas  Optimization Résumé : Compressed natural gas (CNG) has been recently proposed as a potentially economical alternative to liquefied natural gas (LNG) for marine transportation of relatively modest amounts of natural gas over short distances. Because the main capital expenditure in a CNG project is on marine transport vessels, careful design of CNG transport fleets and compatible distribution plans is important. In this work, a structured optimization framework is developed to uncover trends and patterns for optimal selection of the number and capacities of CNG vessels along with corresponding schedules for CNG distribution. An important conclusion from this analysis is that medium-capacity vessels may result in lower capacity for an entire fleet, thus offering significant economical advantages. A case study of potential CNG distribution in the Caribbean illustrates the proposed approach. DEWEY : 665.7 ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875510010000107

Application of predictive equations of state in calculating natural gas phase envelopes and critical points / F. Farshchi Tabrizi in Journal of natural gas science and engineering, Vol. 2 N° 1 (Mars 2010) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 2 N° 1 (Mars 2010) . - pp. 21–28 Titre : Application of predictive equations of state in calculating natural gas phase envelopes and critical points Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : F. Farshchi Tabrizi, Auteur ; Kh. Nasrifar, Auteur Année de publication : 2010 Article en page(s) : pp. 21–28 Note générale : Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Natural  gas  VLE  Critical  point  Equation  of  state  Binary  interaction  parameter Résumé : The phase equilibria and critical points of natural gas mixtures are calculated from two predictive equations of state. One of the predictive equations of state is introduced in this work. This model takes the advantages of a pressure–volume–temperature relationship that accurately describes the supercritical fugacity of methane and a group contribution method that suitably estimates the binary interaction parameters per pair of natural gas constituents. As a result, this model accurately predicts the vapor–liquid equilibria of natural gas mixtures. It also satisfactorily predicts the critical points of natural gas mixtures. Comparisons with experimental data and the other predictive method are presented. DEWEY : 665.7 ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875510009000766 [article] Application of predictive equations of state in calculating natural gas phase envelopes and critical points [texte imprimé] / F. Farshchi Tabrizi, Auteur ; Kh. Nasrifar, Auteur . - 2010 . - pp. 21–28. Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 2 N° 1 (Mars 2010) . - pp. 21–28 Mots-clés : Natural  gas  VLE  Critical  point  Equation  of  state  Binary  interaction  parameter Résumé : The phase equilibria and critical points of natural gas mixtures are calculated from two predictive equations of state. One of the predictive equations of state is introduced in this work. This model takes the advantages of a pressure–volume–temperature relationship that accurately describes the supercritical fugacity of methane and a group contribution method that suitably estimates the binary interaction parameters per pair of natural gas constituents. As a result, this model accurately predicts the vapor–liquid equilibria of natural gas mixtures. It also satisfactorily predicts the critical points of natural gas mixtures. Comparisons with experimental data and the other predictive method are presented. DEWEY : 665.7 ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875510009000766

New technique for calculation of well deliverability in gas condensate reservoirs / A. Sadeghi Boogar in Journal of natural gas science and engineering, Vol. 2 N° 1 (Mars 2010) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 2 N° 1 (Mars 2010) . - pp. 29–35 Titre : New technique for calculation of well deliverability in gas condensate reservoirs Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : A. Sadeghi Boogar, Auteur ; M. Masihi, Auteur Année de publication : 2010 Article en page(s) : pp. 29–35 Note générale : Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Gas  condensate  reservoirs  Well  deliverability  Pseudo  pressure  integral Résumé : Well deliverability is an important issue in forecasting the performance of many gas condensate reservoirs. Condensate accumulations near the wellbore may cause a significant reduction in the well productivity, even in the case of very lean fluids. Generally, the well deliverability is affected by two pressure-drop sources due to depletion and condensate buildup. Recently rapid spreadsheet tools have been developed to evaluate the well performance using material balance equation for depletion and two-phase pseudo pressure integral for well inflow performance. Most of them account for the effects of negative inertia and positive coupling in the calculation of gas relative permeabilities. This paper introduces a new method for calculation of well productivity in gas condensate reservoirs. This method uses the concept of two-phase pseudo pressure integral without any need to estimate the radius of two-phase region. In this approach the average reservoir pressure is calculated by using a general material balance equation. The only data required for implementing this method is PVT data, relative permeability curves and a table of well flowing pressure versus time. The new technique can be encoded on a spreadsheet in order to forecast the gas condensate well performance very rapidly. To validate the proposed approach we have used several single-well fine grid compositional simulations of a hypothetical reservoir model over a typical range of gas condensate reservoir parameters. We have shown that there is a reasonable agreement between the result of fine grid simulation and the prediction from the proposed approach. DEWEY : 665.7 ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875510010000119 [article] New technique for calculation of well deliverability in gas condensate reservoirs [texte imprimé] / A. Sadeghi Boogar, Auteur ; M. Masihi, Auteur . - 2010 . - pp. 29–35. Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 2 N° 1 (Mars 2010) . - pp. 29–35 Mots-clés : Gas  condensate  reservoirs  Well  deliverability  Pseudo  pressure  integral Résumé : Well deliverability is an important issue in forecasting the performance of many gas condensate reservoirs. Condensate accumulations near the wellbore may cause a significant reduction in the well productivity, even in the case of very lean fluids. Generally, the well deliverability is affected by two pressure-drop sources due to depletion and condensate buildup. Recently rapid spreadsheet tools have been developed to evaluate the well performance using material balance equation for depletion and two-phase pseudo pressure integral for well inflow performance. Most of them account for the effects of negative inertia and positive coupling in the calculation of gas relative permeabilities. This paper introduces a new method for calculation of well productivity in gas condensate reservoirs. This method uses the concept of two-phase pseudo pressure integral without any need to estimate the radius of two-phase region. In this approach the average reservoir pressure is calculated by using a general material balance equation. The only data required for implementing this method is PVT data, relative permeability curves and a table of well flowing pressure versus time. The new technique can be encoded on a spreadsheet in order to forecast the gas condensate well performance very rapidly. To validate the proposed approach we have used several single-well fine grid compositional simulations of a hypothetical reservoir model over a typical range of gas condensate reservoir parameters. We have shown that there is a reasonable agreement between the result of fine grid simulation and the prediction from the proposed approach. DEWEY : 665.7 ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875510010000119

Investigation of mixed amine solution in gas sweetening plant / R. Abedini in Journal of natural gas science and engineering, Vol. 2 N° 1 (Mars 2010) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 2 N° 1 (Mars 2010) . - pp. 36–40 Titre : Investigation of mixed amine solution in gas sweetening plant Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : R. Abedini, Auteur ; A. Abedini, Auteur ; I. Zanganeh, Auteur Année de publication : 2010 Article en page(s) : pp. 36–40 Note générale : Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Amine  Pressure  Temperature  Circulation  rate  Residual  Acid  gas Résumé : In gas sweetening plants, amines are used for separating the CO2 and H2S from natural gases. The performance of amines is based on the reaction of a week base with week acid and producing an amine salt which is soluble in water.Commercially alkanolamines for the approach are monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA), methyldiethanolamine (MDEA), and 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP). The use of amine mixture employing MDEA, MEA, and DEA have been investigated for various cases using a process simulation program called TSWEET. In all cases, 50 wt% total amines in water were used with the base case as 50 wt% MDEA. MEA and DEA were used as additives to form the mixture. The reslts reveal that, at high pressures, amine mixtures have little or no advantage in the cases studied. As the pressure is lowered, it becomes more difficult for MDEAto meet residual gas requirements and mixtures can usually improve plant performance. DEWEY : 665.7 ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875510010000703 [article] Investigation of mixed amine solution in gas sweetening plant [texte imprimé] / R. Abedini, Auteur ; A. Abedini, Auteur ; I. Zanganeh, Auteur . - 2010 . - pp. 36–40. Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 2 N° 1 (Mars 2010) . - pp. 36–40 Mots-clés : Amine  Pressure  Temperature  Circulation  rate  Residual  Acid  gas Résumé : In gas sweetening plants, amines are used for separating the CO2 and H2S from natural gases. The performance of amines is based on the reaction of a week base with week acid and producing an amine salt which is soluble in water.Commercially alkanolamines for the approach are monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA), methyldiethanolamine (MDEA), and 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP). The use of amine mixture employing MDEA, MEA, and DEA have been investigated for various cases using a process simulation program called TSWEET. In all cases, 50 wt% total amines in water were used with the base case as 50 wt% MDEA. MEA and DEA were used as additives to form the mixture. The reslts reveal that, at high pressures, amine mixtures have little or no advantage in the cases studied. As the pressure is lowered, it becomes more difficult for MDEAto meet residual gas requirements and mixtures can usually improve plant performance. DEWEY : 665.7 ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875510010000703

Drag reduction with polymers in gas-liquid/liquid-liquid flows in pipes / Abdelsalam Al-Sarkhi in Journal of natural gas science and engineering, Vol. 2 N° 1 (Mars 2010) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 2 N° 1 (Mars 2010) . - pp. 41–48 Titre : Drag reduction with polymers in gas-liquid/liquid-liquid flows in pipes : A literature review Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Abdelsalam Al-Sarkhi, Auteur Année de publication : 2010 Article en page(s) : pp. 41–48 Note générale : Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Two-phase  flow  Drag  reduction  Drag  reducing  polymers Résumé : A literature survey of the published work on drag reduction by Drag Reducing Agent (DRA) in two-phase flow is reviewed. Characteristics of the two-phase flow with drag reducing additives are described and the research approaches and methodology concerning drag reduction with additives in multiphase flow is introduced. Suggested mechanisms for drag reduction phenomena and procedure in two-phase flow are discussed. Some of the industrial application of the use of drag reducing additives in two-phase flow is explained. Finally, Recommendations, new suggested approaches for future research needs and potential areas that need further research is highlighted. DEWEY : 665.7 ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875510010000028 [article] Drag reduction with polymers in gas-liquid/liquid-liquid flows in pipes : A literature review [texte imprimé] / Abdelsalam Al-Sarkhi, Auteur . - 2010 . - pp. 41–48. Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 2 N° 1 (Mars 2010) . - pp. 41–48 Mots-clés : Two-phase  flow  Drag  reduction  Drag  reducing  polymers Résumé : A literature survey of the published work on drag reduction by Drag Reducing Agent (DRA) in two-phase flow is reviewed. Characteristics of the two-phase flow with drag reducing additives are described and the research approaches and methodology concerning drag reduction with additives in multiphase flow is introduced. Suggested mechanisms for drag reduction phenomena and procedure in two-phase flow are discussed. Some of the industrial application of the use of drag reducing additives in two-phase flow is explained. Finally, Recommendations, new suggested approaches for future research needs and potential areas that need further research is highlighted. DEWEY : 665.7 ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875510010000028

Natural gas hydrates / Yuri F. Makogon in Journal of natural gas science and engineering, Vol. 2 N° 1 (Mars 2010) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 2 N° 1 (Mars 2010) . - pp. 49–59 Titre : Natural gas hydrates : A promising source of energy Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Yuri F. Makogon, Auteur Année de publication : 2010 Article en page(s) : pp. 49–59 Note générale : Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Gas  hydrates  Energy  source  Messoyacha  field  Hydrate  distribution  Hydrate  kinetics  Morphology  of  gas  hydrates Résumé : Gas hydrates are clathrate physical compounds, in which the molecules of gas are occluded in crystalline cells, consisting of water molecules retained by the energy of hydrogen bonds. All gases can form hydrates under different pressures and temperatures. The crystalline structure of solid gas hydrate crystals has a strong dependence on gas composition, pressure, and temperature. Presently, three crystalline structures are known ( [Sloan, 1990] and [Sloan and Koh, 2007]) to form at moderate pressure, and nearly ten structures in the pressure range above 100 MPa. For example, methane hydrate can be stable at a pressure of 20 nPa to 2 GPa, and at temperatures changing from 70 to 350 K (Makogon, 1997). Formation of gas hydrate occurs when water and natural gas are present at a low temperature and a high pressure. Such conditions often exist in oil and gas wells, and pipeline equipment. Hydrate plugs can damage gas transport system equipment. The petroleum industry spends about one billion US dollars a year to prevent hydrate formation in wells, pipelines and equipment. Natural deposits of gas hydrates also exist on Earth in colder regions, such as permafrost, or sea bottom areas. Natural gas hydrates are an unconventional energy resource. Potential reserves of gas in hydrated posits distributed offshore and on land are over 1.5 × 1016 m3 (Makogon, 1982). About 97% of natural gas hydrates have been located offshore, and only 3% on land. At present time, there are several successful federal research programs in a number of countries for research and development of gas hydrate deposits. Over 230 gas hydrate deposits were discovered, over a hundred wells drilled, and kilometers of cores studied. Gas hydrate resource is distributed conveniently for development by most every country. Effective tools for the recovery of gas from hydrate deposits, and new technology for development of gas hydrate deposits are being developed. There is a commercial production of natural gas from hydrates in Siberia. Researchers continue to study the properties of natural gas hydrates at reservoir conditions, and develop new technologies for exploration and production of gas from hydrate deposits in different geological formations. DEWEY : 665.7 ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875510009000754 [article] Natural gas hydrates : A promising source of energy [texte imprimé] / Yuri F. Makogon, Auteur . - 2010 . - pp. 49–59. Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 2 N° 1 (Mars 2010) . - pp. 49–59 Mots-clés : Gas  hydrates  Energy  source  Messoyacha  field  Hydrate  distribution  Hydrate  kinetics  Morphology  of  gas  hydrates Résumé : Gas hydrates are clathrate physical compounds, in which the molecules of gas are occluded in crystalline cells, consisting of water molecules retained by the energy of hydrogen bonds. All gases can form hydrates under different pressures and temperatures. The crystalline structure of solid gas hydrate crystals has a strong dependence on gas composition, pressure, and temperature. Presently, three crystalline structures are known ( [Sloan, 1990] and [Sloan and Koh, 2007]) to form at moderate pressure, and nearly ten structures in the pressure range above 100 MPa. For example, methane hydrate can be stable at a pressure of 20 nPa to 2 GPa, and at temperatures changing from 70 to 350 K (Makogon, 1997). Formation of gas hydrate occurs when water and natural gas are present at a low temperature and a high pressure. Such conditions often exist in oil and gas wells, and pipeline equipment. Hydrate plugs can damage gas transport system equipment. The petroleum industry spends about one billion US dollars a year to prevent hydrate formation in wells, pipelines and equipment. Natural deposits of gas hydrates also exist on Earth in colder regions, such as permafrost, or sea bottom areas. Natural gas hydrates are an unconventional energy resource. Potential reserves of gas in hydrated posits distributed offshore and on land are over 1.5 × 1016 m3 (Makogon, 1982). About 97% of natural gas hydrates have been located offshore, and only 3% on land. At present time, there are several successful federal research programs in a number of countries for research and development of gas hydrate deposits. Over 230 gas hydrate deposits were discovered, over a hundred wells drilled, and kilometers of cores studied. Gas hydrate resource is distributed conveniently for development by most every country. Effective tools for the recovery of gas from hydrate deposits, and new technology for development of gas hydrate deposits are being developed. There is a commercial production of natural gas from hydrates in Siberia. Researchers continue to study the properties of natural gas hydrates at reservoir conditions, and develop new technologies for exploration and production of gas from hydrate deposits in different geological formations. DEWEY : 665.7 ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875510009000754

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