Dépouillements

The world is not small for everyone / Jasjit Singh in Management science, Vol. 56 N° 9 (Septembre 2010) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Management science > Vol. 56 N° 9 (Septembre 2010) . - pp. 1415-1438 Titre : The world is not small for everyone : Inequity in searching for knowledge in organizations Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Jasjit Singh, Auteur ; Morten T. Hansen, Auteur ; Joel M. Podolny, Auteur Année de publication : 2010 Article en page(s) : pp. 1415-1438 Note générale : Management Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Social  networks  Small  world  Search  Homophily  Knowledge  sharing  Inequity  Gender  Tenure  Status Index. décimale : 658 Organisation des entreprises. Techniques du commerce Résumé : We explore why some employees may be at a disadvantage in searching for information in organizations. The "small-world" argument in social network theory emphasizes that people are, on average, only a few connections away from the information they seek. However, we argue that such a network structure does not benefit everyone: some employees may have longer search paths in locating knowledge in an organization—their world may be large. We theorize that this disadvantage is the result of more than just an inferior network position. Instead, two mechanisms—periphery status and homophily—jointly operate to aggravate the inefficiency of search for knowledge. Employees who belong to the periphery of an organization because of their minority gender status, lower tenure, or poor connectedness have limited awareness of who knows what and a lower ability to seek help from others best suited to guide the search. When they start a search chain, they are likely to engage in homophilous search by contacting colleagues like themselves, thus contacting others who also belong to the periphery. To search effectively, employees on the periphery need to engage in heterophilous search behaviors by crossing social boundaries. We find support for these arguments in a network field experiment consisting of 381 unfolding search chains in a large multinational professional services firm. The framework helps explain employees' unequal access to the knowledge they seek, a poorly understood yet important type of organizational inequity in an information economy. DEWEY : 658 ISSN : 0025-1909 En ligne : http://mansci.journal.informs.org/cgi/content/abstract/56/9/1415 [article] The world is not small for everyone : Inequity in searching for knowledge in organizations [texte imprimé] / Jasjit Singh, Auteur ; Morten T. Hansen, Auteur ; Joel M. Podolny, Auteur . - 2010 . - pp. 1415-1438. Management Langues : Anglais (eng) in Management science > Vol. 56 N° 9 (Septembre 2010) . - pp. 1415-1438 Mots-clés : Social  networks  Small  world  Search  Homophily  Knowledge  sharing  Inequity  Gender  Tenure  Status Index. décimale : 658 Organisation des entreprises. Techniques du commerce Résumé : We explore why some employees may be at a disadvantage in searching for information in organizations. The "small-world" argument in social network theory emphasizes that people are, on average, only a few connections away from the information they seek. However, we argue that such a network structure does not benefit everyone: some employees may have longer search paths in locating knowledge in an organization—their world may be large. We theorize that this disadvantage is the result of more than just an inferior network position. Instead, two mechanisms—periphery status and homophily—jointly operate to aggravate the inefficiency of search for knowledge. Employees who belong to the periphery of an organization because of their minority gender status, lower tenure, or poor connectedness have limited awareness of who knows what and a lower ability to seek help from others best suited to guide the search. When they start a search chain, they are likely to engage in homophilous search by contacting colleagues like themselves, thus contacting others who also belong to the periphery. To search effectively, employees on the periphery need to engage in heterophilous search behaviors by crossing social boundaries. We find support for these arguments in a network field experiment consisting of 381 unfolding search chains in a large multinational professional services firm. The framework helps explain employees' unequal access to the knowledge they seek, a poorly understood yet important type of organizational inequity in an information economy. DEWEY : 658 ISSN : 0025-1909 En ligne : http://mansci.journal.informs.org/cgi/content/abstract/56/9/1415

The impact of information technology on academic scientists' productivity and collaboration patterns / Waverly W. Ding in Management science, Vol. 56 N° 9 (Septembre 2010) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Management science > Vol. 56 N° 9 (Septembre 2010) . - pp. 1439-1461 Titre : The impact of information technology on academic scientists' productivity and collaboration patterns Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Waverly W. Ding, Auteur ; Sharon G. Levin, Auteur ; Paula E. Stephan, Auteur Année de publication : 2010 Article en page(s) : pp. 1439-1461 Note générale : Management Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Diffusion  Innovation  Technology  Life  sciences  Professional  labor  markets  Gender Index. décimale : 658 Organisation des entreprises. Techniques du commerce Résumé : This study investigates the impact of information technology (IT) on productivity and collaboration patterns in academe. Our data combine information on the diffusion of two noteworthy innovations in IT—BITNET and the Domain Name System (DNS)—with career-history data on research-active life scientists. We analyzed a random sample of 3,114 research-active life scientists from 314 U.S. institutions over a 25-year period and find that the availability of BITNET on a scientist's campus has a positive effect on his or her productivity and collaborative network. Our findings also support the hypothesis of a differential effect of IT across subgroups of the scientific labor force. Women scientists and those working at nonelite institutions benefit more from the availability of IT in terms of overall research output and an increase in the number of new coauthors they work with than do men or individuals at elite institutions. These results suggest that IT is an equalizing force, providing a greater boost to productivity and more collaboration opportunities for scientists who are more marginally positioned in academe. DEWEY : 658 ISSN : 0025-1909 En ligne : http://mansci.journal.informs.org/cgi/content/abstract/56/9/1439 [article] The impact of information technology on academic scientists' productivity and collaboration patterns [texte imprimé] / Waverly W. Ding, Auteur ; Sharon G. Levin, Auteur ; Paula E. Stephan, Auteur . - 2010 . - pp. 1439-1461. Management Langues : Anglais (eng) in Management science > Vol. 56 N° 9 (Septembre 2010) . - pp. 1439-1461 Mots-clés : Diffusion  Innovation  Technology  Life  sciences  Professional  labor  markets  Gender Index. décimale : 658 Organisation des entreprises. Techniques du commerce Résumé : This study investigates the impact of information technology (IT) on productivity and collaboration patterns in academe. Our data combine information on the diffusion of two noteworthy innovations in IT—BITNET and the Domain Name System (DNS)—with career-history data on research-active life scientists. We analyzed a random sample of 3,114 research-active life scientists from 314 U.S. institutions over a 25-year period and find that the availability of BITNET on a scientist's campus has a positive effect on his or her productivity and collaborative network. Our findings also support the hypothesis of a differential effect of IT across subgroups of the scientific labor force. Women scientists and those working at nonelite institutions benefit more from the availability of IT in terms of overall research output and an increase in the number of new coauthors they work with than do men or individuals at elite institutions. These results suggest that IT is an equalizing force, providing a greater boost to productivity and more collaboration opportunities for scientists who are more marginally positioned in academe. DEWEY : 658 ISSN : 0025-1909 En ligne : http://mansci.journal.informs.org/cgi/content/abstract/56/9/1439

Deal or no deal / Maurice Levi in Management science, Vol. 56 N° 9 (Septembre 2010) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Management science > Vol. 56 N° 9 (Septembre 2010) . - pp. 1462-1483 Titre : Deal or no deal : Hormones and the mergers and acquisitions game Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Maurice Levi, Auteur ; Kai Li, Auteur ; Feng Zhang, Auteur Année de publication : 2010 Article en page(s) : pp. 1462-1483 Note générale : Management Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Mergers  and  acquisitions  Male  dominance  seeking  CEO  testosterone  Bid  initiation  Bid  withdrawal  Tender  offers Index. décimale : 658 Organisation des entreprises. Techniques du commerce Résumé : Young male CEOs appear to be combative: they are 4% more likely to be acquisitive and, having initiated an acquisition, they are over 20% more likely to withdraw an offer. Furthermore, a young target male CEO is 2% more likely to force a bidder to resort to a tender offer. We argue that this combative nature is a result of testosterone levels that are higher in young males. Testosterone, a hormone associated with male dominance seeking, has been shown to influence prospects for a cooperative outcome of the ultimatum game. Specifically, high-testosterone responders tend to reject low offers even though this is against their interest. It has been argued that this is consistent with a low offer being seen as dominance seeking. The acts of attempting or resisting an acquisition can be viewed as striving to achieve dominance. We argue that the evidence reported in this paper is consistent with the presence of a significant hormone effect in mergers and acquisitions. DEWEY : 658 ISSN : 0025-1909 En ligne : http://mansci.journal.informs.org/cgi/content/abstract/56/9/1462 [article] Deal or no deal : Hormones and the mergers and acquisitions game [texte imprimé] / Maurice Levi, Auteur ; Kai Li, Auteur ; Feng Zhang, Auteur . - 2010 . - pp. 1462-1483. Management Langues : Anglais (eng) in Management science > Vol. 56 N° 9 (Septembre 2010) . - pp. 1462-1483 Mots-clés : Mergers  and  acquisitions  Male  dominance  seeking  CEO  testosterone  Bid  initiation  Bid  withdrawal  Tender  offers Index. décimale : 658 Organisation des entreprises. Techniques du commerce Résumé : Young male CEOs appear to be combative: they are 4% more likely to be acquisitive and, having initiated an acquisition, they are over 20% more likely to withdraw an offer. Furthermore, a young target male CEO is 2% more likely to force a bidder to resort to a tender offer. We argue that this combative nature is a result of testosterone levels that are higher in young males. Testosterone, a hormone associated with male dominance seeking, has been shown to influence prospects for a cooperative outcome of the ultimatum game. Specifically, high-testosterone responders tend to reject low offers even though this is against their interest. It has been argued that this is consistent with a low offer being seen as dominance seeking. The acts of attempting or resisting an acquisition can be viewed as striving to achieve dominance. We argue that the evidence reported in this paper is consistent with the presence of a significant hormone effect in mergers and acquisitions. DEWEY : 658 ISSN : 0025-1909 En ligne : http://mansci.journal.informs.org/cgi/content/abstract/56/9/1462

Strategies to fight ad-sponsored rivals / Ramon Casadesus-Masanell in Management science, Vol. 56 N° 9 (Septembre 2010) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Management science > Vol. 56 N° 9 (Septembre 2010) . - pp. 1484-1499 Titre : Strategies to fight ad-sponsored rivals Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Ramon Casadesus-Masanell, Auteur ; Feng Zhu, Auteur Année de publication : 2010 Article en page(s) : pp. 1484-1499 Note générale : Management Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Strategy  Business  models  Tactics  Advertising  Pricing Index. décimale : 658 Organisation des entreprises. Techniques du commerce Résumé : We analyze the optimal strategy of a high-quality incumbent that faces a low-quality ad-sponsored competitor. In addition to competing through adjustments of tactical variables such as price or the number of ads a product carries, we allow the incumbent to consider changes in its business model. We consider four alternative business models: a subscription-based model; an ad-sponsored model; a mixed model in which the incumbent offers a product that is both subscription based and ad sponsored; and a dual model in which the incumbent offers two products, one based on the ad-sponsored model and the other based on the mixed business model. We show that the optimal response to an ad-sponsored rival often entails business model reconfigurations. We also find that when there is an ad-sponsored entrant, the incumbent is more likely to prefer to compete through the subscription-based or the ad-sponsored model, rather than the mixed or the dual model, because of cannibalization and endogenous vertical differentiation concerns. We discuss how our study helps improve our understanding of notions of strategy, business model, and tactics in the field of strategy. DEWEY : 658 ISSN : 0025-1909 En ligne : http://mansci.journal.informs.org/cgi/content/abstract/56/9/1484 [article] Strategies to fight ad-sponsored rivals [texte imprimé] / Ramon Casadesus-Masanell, Auteur ; Feng Zhu, Auteur . - 2010 . - pp. 1484-1499. Management Langues : Anglais (eng) in Management science > Vol. 56 N° 9 (Septembre 2010) . - pp. 1484-1499 Mots-clés : Strategy  Business  models  Tactics  Advertising  Pricing Index. décimale : 658 Organisation des entreprises. Techniques du commerce Résumé : We analyze the optimal strategy of a high-quality incumbent that faces a low-quality ad-sponsored competitor. In addition to competing through adjustments of tactical variables such as price or the number of ads a product carries, we allow the incumbent to consider changes in its business model. We consider four alternative business models: a subscription-based model; an ad-sponsored model; a mixed model in which the incumbent offers a product that is both subscription based and ad sponsored; and a dual model in which the incumbent offers two products, one based on the ad-sponsored model and the other based on the mixed business model. We show that the optimal response to an ad-sponsored rival often entails business model reconfigurations. We also find that when there is an ad-sponsored entrant, the incumbent is more likely to prefer to compete through the subscription-based or the ad-sponsored model, rather than the mixed or the dual model, because of cannibalization and endogenous vertical differentiation concerns. We discuss how our study helps improve our understanding of notions of strategy, business model, and tactics in the field of strategy. DEWEY : 658 ISSN : 0025-1909 En ligne : http://mansci.journal.informs.org/cgi/content/abstract/56/9/1484

International diversification with factor funds / Cheol S. Eun in Management science, Vol. 56 N° 9 (Septembre 2010) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Management science > Vol. 56 N° 9 (Septembre 2010) . - pp. 1500-1518 Titre : International diversification with factor funds Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Cheol S. Eun, Auteur ; Sandy Lai, Auteur ; Frans A. de Roon, Auteur Année de publication : 2010 Article en page(s) : pp. 1500-1518 Note générale : Management Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : International  diversification  Local  factors  Factor  funds Index. décimale : 658 Organisation des entreprises. Techniques du commerce Résumé : We propose a new investment strategy employing "factor funds" to systematically enhance the mean-variance efficiency of international diversification. Our approach is motivated by the increasing evidence that size (SMB), book-to-market (HML), and momentum (MOM) factors, along with the market factor, adequately describe international stock returns, and by the direct link between investors' portfolio choice problems and international asset pricing theories and tests. Using data from 10 developed countries during the period 1981–2008, we show that the "augmented" optimal portfolio involving local factor funds substantially outperforms the "benchmark" optimal portfolio comprising country market indices only as measured by their portfolio Sharpe ratios. This strongly rejects the intersection hypothesis which posits that the local factor funds do not span investment opportunities beyond what country market indices do. Among the three classes of factor funds, HML funds contribute most to the efficiency gains. In addition, the local version of factor funds outperforms the global factor funds. The added gains from local factor diversification are significant for both in-sample and out-of-sample periods, and for a realistic range of additional investment costs for factor funds, and remain robust over time. DEWEY : 658 ISSN : 0025-1909 En ligne : http://mansci.journal.informs.org/cgi/content/abstract/56/9/1500 [article] International diversification with factor funds [texte imprimé] / Cheol S. Eun, Auteur ; Sandy Lai, Auteur ; Frans A. de Roon, Auteur . - 2010 . - pp. 1500-1518. Management Langues : Anglais (eng) in Management science > Vol. 56 N° 9 (Septembre 2010) . - pp. 1500-1518 Mots-clés : International  diversification  Local  factors  Factor  funds Index. décimale : 658 Organisation des entreprises. Techniques du commerce Résumé : We propose a new investment strategy employing "factor funds" to systematically enhance the mean-variance efficiency of international diversification. Our approach is motivated by the increasing evidence that size (SMB), book-to-market (HML), and momentum (MOM) factors, along with the market factor, adequately describe international stock returns, and by the direct link between investors' portfolio choice problems and international asset pricing theories and tests. Using data from 10 developed countries during the period 1981–2008, we show that the "augmented" optimal portfolio involving local factor funds substantially outperforms the "benchmark" optimal portfolio comprising country market indices only as measured by their portfolio Sharpe ratios. This strongly rejects the intersection hypothesis which posits that the local factor funds do not span investment opportunities beyond what country market indices do. Among the three classes of factor funds, HML funds contribute most to the efficiency gains. In addition, the local version of factor funds outperforms the global factor funds. The added gains from local factor diversification are significant for both in-sample and out-of-sample periods, and for a realistic range of additional investment costs for factor funds, and remain robust over time. DEWEY : 658 ISSN : 0025-1909 En ligne : http://mansci.journal.informs.org/cgi/content/abstract/56/9/1500

Do inventory and gross margin data improve sales forecasts for U.S. public retailers? / Saravanan Kesavan in Management science, Vol. 56 N° 9 (Septembre 2010) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Management science > Vol. 56 N° 9 (Septembre 2010) . - pp. 1519-1533 Titre : Do inventory and gross margin data improve sales forecasts for U.S. public retailers? Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Saravanan Kesavan, Auteur ; Vishal Gaur, Auteur ; Ananth Raman, Auteur Année de publication : 2010 Article en page(s) : pp. 1519-1533 Note générale : Management Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Sales  forecasting  Retail  Inventory  Empirical Index. décimale : 658 Organisation des entreprises. Techniques du commerce Résumé : Firm-level sales forecasts for retailers can be improved if we incorporate cost of goods sold, inventory, and gross margin (defined by us as the ratio of sales to cost of goods sold) as three endogenous variables. We construct a simultaneous equations model, estimated using public financial and nonfinancial data, to provide joint forecasts of annual cost of goods sold, inventory, and gross margin for retailers using historical data. We show that sales forecasts from this model are more accurate than consensus forecasts from equity analysts. Further, the residuals from this model for one fiscal year are used to predict retailers for whom the relative advantage of model forecasts over consensus forecasts would be large in the next fiscal year. Our results show that historical inventory and gross margin contain information useful to forecast sales, and that equity analysts do not fully utilize this information in their sales forecasts. DEWEY : 658 ISSN : 0025-1909 En ligne : http://mansci.journal.informs.org/cgi/content/abstract/56/9/1519 [article] Do inventory and gross margin data improve sales forecasts for U.S. public retailers? [texte imprimé] / Saravanan Kesavan, Auteur ; Vishal Gaur, Auteur ; Ananth Raman, Auteur . - 2010 . - pp. 1519-1533. Management Langues : Anglais (eng) in Management science > Vol. 56 N° 9 (Septembre 2010) . - pp. 1519-1533 Mots-clés : Sales  forecasting  Retail  Inventory  Empirical Index. décimale : 658 Organisation des entreprises. Techniques du commerce Résumé : Firm-level sales forecasts for retailers can be improved if we incorporate cost of goods sold, inventory, and gross margin (defined by us as the ratio of sales to cost of goods sold) as three endogenous variables. We construct a simultaneous equations model, estimated using public financial and nonfinancial data, to provide joint forecasts of annual cost of goods sold, inventory, and gross margin for retailers using historical data. We show that sales forecasts from this model are more accurate than consensus forecasts from equity analysts. Further, the residuals from this model for one fiscal year are used to predict retailers for whom the relative advantage of model forecasts over consensus forecasts would be large in the next fiscal year. Our results show that historical inventory and gross margin contain information useful to forecast sales, and that equity analysts do not fully utilize this information in their sales forecasts. DEWEY : 658 ISSN : 0025-1909 En ligne : http://mansci.journal.informs.org/cgi/content/abstract/56/9/1519

Diversification, diseconomies of scope, and vertical contracting / Evan Rawley in Management science, Vol. 56 N° 9 (Septembre 2010)

Public ISBD [article]  in Management science > Vol. 56 N° 9 (Septembre 2010) . - pp. 1534-1550 Titre : Diversification, diseconomies of scope, and vertical contracting : Evidence from the taxicab industry Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Evan Rawley, Auteur ; Timothy S. Simcoe, Auteur Année de publication : 2010 Article en page(s) : pp. 1534-1550 Note générale : Management Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Diversification  Diseconomies  of  scope  Adaptation  Outsourcing  Asset  ownership Index. décimale : 658 Organisation des entreprises. Techniques du commerce Résumé : This paper studies how firms reorganize following diversification, proposing that firms use outsourcing, or vertical disintegration, to manage diseconomies of scope. We also consider the origins of scope diseconomies, showing how different underlying mechanisms generate contrasting predictions about the link between within-firm task heterogeneity and the incentive to outsource following diversification. We test these propositions using microdata on taxicab and limousine fleets from the Economic Census. The results show that taxicab firms outsource, by shifting the composition of their fleets toward owner-operator drivers, when they diversify into the limousine business. The magnitude of the shift toward driver ownership is larger in less urban markets, where the tasks performed by taxicab and limousine drivers are more similar. These findings suggest that (1) firms use outsourcing to manage diseconomies of scope at a particular point in the value chain and (2) interagent conflicts can be an important source of scope diseconomies. [article] Diversification, diseconomies of scope, and vertical contracting : Evidence from the taxicab industry [texte imprimé] / Evan Rawley, Auteur ; Timothy S. Simcoe, Auteur . - 2010 . - pp. 1534-1550. Management Langues : Anglais (eng) in Management science > Vol. 56 N° 9 (Septembre 2010) . - pp. 1534-1550 Mots-clés : Diversification  Diseconomies  of  scope  Adaptation  Outsourcing  Asset  ownership Index. décimale : 658 Organisation des entreprises. Techniques du commerce Résumé : This paper studies how firms reorganize following diversification, proposing that firms use outsourcing, or vertical disintegration, to manage diseconomies of scope. We also consider the origins of scope diseconomies, showing how different underlying mechanisms generate contrasting predictions about the link between within-firm task heterogeneity and the incentive to outsource following diversification. We test these propositions using microdata on taxicab and limousine fleets from the Economic Census. The results show that taxicab firms outsource, by shifting the composition of their fleets toward owner-operator drivers, when they diversify into the limousine business. The magnitude of the shift toward driver ownership is larger in less urban markets, where the tasks performed by taxicab and limousine drivers are more similar. These findings suggest that (1) firms use outsourcing to manage diseconomies of scope at a particular point in the value chain and (2) interagent conflicts can be an important source of scope diseconomies.

Contracting for infrequent restoration and recovery of mission-critical systems / Sang-Hyun Kim in Management science, Vol. 56 N° 9 (Septembre 2010) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Management science > Vol. 56 N° 9 (Septembre 2010) . - pp. 1551-1567 Titre : Contracting for infrequent restoration and recovery of mission-critical systems Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Sang-Hyun Kim, Auteur ; Morris A. Cohen, Auteur ; Serguei Netessine, Auteur Année de publication : 2010 Article en page(s) : pp. 1551-1567 Note générale : Management Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Service  outsourcing  Supply  chain  After-sales  support  Maintenance–repairs  Disaster  recovery Index. décimale : 658 Organisation des entreprises. Techniques du commerce Résumé : Firms that rely on functioning mission-critical equipment for their businesses cannot afford significant operational downtime due to system disruptions. To minimize the impact of disruptions, a proper incentive mechanism has to be in place so that the suppliers provide prompt restoration and recovery services to the customer. A widely adopted incentive mechanism is performance-based contracting (PBC), in which suppliers receive compensation based on realized system uptime. A key obstacle is that disruptions occur infrequently, making it very expensive for a supplier to commit the necessary resources for recovery because they will be idle most of the time. In this paper, we show that designing a successful PBC creates nontrivial challenges that are unique to this environment. Namely, because of the infrequent and random nature of disruptions, a seemingly innocuous choice of performance measures used in contracts may create unexpected incentives, resulting in counterintuitive optimal behavior. We compare the efficiencies of two widely used contracts, one based on sample-average downtime and the other based on cumulative downtime, and identify the supplier's ability to influence the frequency of disruptions as an important factor in determining which contract performs better. We also show that implementing PBC may create high agency cost when equipment is very reliable. This counterintuitive situation arises because the realized downtimes from which the customer might intuit about the supplier's capacity investment are highly uncertain when there are not many samples of downtimes, i.e., when disruptions occur rarely. DEWEY : 658 ISSN : 0025-1909 En ligne : http://mansci.journal.informs.org/cgi/content/abstract/56/9/1551 [article] Contracting for infrequent restoration and recovery of mission-critical systems [texte imprimé] / Sang-Hyun Kim, Auteur ; Morris A. Cohen, Auteur ; Serguei Netessine, Auteur . - 2010 . - pp. 1551-1567. Management Langues : Anglais (eng) in Management science > Vol. 56 N° 9 (Septembre 2010) . - pp. 1551-1567 Mots-clés : Service  outsourcing  Supply  chain  After-sales  support  Maintenance–repairs  Disaster  recovery Index. décimale : 658 Organisation des entreprises. Techniques du commerce Résumé : Firms that rely on functioning mission-critical equipment for their businesses cannot afford significant operational downtime due to system disruptions. To minimize the impact of disruptions, a proper incentive mechanism has to be in place so that the suppliers provide prompt restoration and recovery services to the customer. A widely adopted incentive mechanism is performance-based contracting (PBC), in which suppliers receive compensation based on realized system uptime. A key obstacle is that disruptions occur infrequently, making it very expensive for a supplier to commit the necessary resources for recovery because they will be idle most of the time. In this paper, we show that designing a successful PBC creates nontrivial challenges that are unique to this environment. Namely, because of the infrequent and random nature of disruptions, a seemingly innocuous choice of performance measures used in contracts may create unexpected incentives, resulting in counterintuitive optimal behavior. We compare the efficiencies of two widely used contracts, one based on sample-average downtime and the other based on cumulative downtime, and identify the supplier's ability to influence the frequency of disruptions as an important factor in determining which contract performs better. We also show that implementing PBC may create high agency cost when equipment is very reliable. This counterintuitive situation arises because the realized downtimes from which the customer might intuit about the supplier's capacity investment are highly uncertain when there are not many samples of downtimes, i.e., when disruptions occur rarely. DEWEY : 658 ISSN : 0025-1909 En ligne : http://mansci.journal.informs.org/cgi/content/abstract/56/9/1551

Timing of effort and reward / Jun Yang in Management science, Vol. 56 N° 9 (Septembre 2010) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Management science > Vol. 56 N° 9 (Septembre 2010) . - pp. 1568-1583 Titre : Timing of effort and reward : Three-sided moral hazard in a continuous-time model Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Jun Yang, Auteur Année de publication : 2010 Article en page(s) : pp. 1568-1583 Note générale : Management Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Optimal  contract  Incentives  Moral  hazard  in  teams  Continuous  time Index. décimale : 658 Organisation des entreprises. Techniques du commerce Résumé : This paper studies a three-sided moral hazard problem with one agent exerting up-front effort and two agents exerting ongoing effort in a continuous-time model. The agents' efforts jointly affect the probability of survival and thus the expected cash flow of the project. In the optimal contract, the timing of payments reflects the timing of effort: payments for up-front effort precede payments for ongoing effort. Several patterns are possible for the cash allocation between the two agents with ongoing effort. In one case, where the two agents face equally severe moral hazard, they share the cash flow equally at each point of time. In another case, where the two agents have different severities of moral hazard, their payments are sequential. In a more general case, the two agents with ongoing effort first receive the cash flow alternately with an increasing frequency of switches and then divide the cash flow at each point of time. This study provides a framework for understanding a broad set of business-contracting issues. The characteristics suggested in the optimal contract help us analyze the causes of business failure such as the recent debacle of mortgage-backed securities. DEWEY : 658 ISSN : 0025-1909 En ligne : http://mansci.journal.informs.org/cgi/content/abstract/56/9/1568 [article] Timing of effort and reward : Three-sided moral hazard in a continuous-time model [texte imprimé] / Jun Yang, Auteur . - 2010 . - pp. 1568-1583. Management Langues : Anglais (eng) in Management science > Vol. 56 N° 9 (Septembre 2010) . - pp. 1568-1583 Mots-clés : Optimal  contract  Incentives  Moral  hazard  in  teams  Continuous  time Index. décimale : 658 Organisation des entreprises. Techniques du commerce Résumé : This paper studies a three-sided moral hazard problem with one agent exerting up-front effort and two agents exerting ongoing effort in a continuous-time model. The agents' efforts jointly affect the probability of survival and thus the expected cash flow of the project. In the optimal contract, the timing of payments reflects the timing of effort: payments for up-front effort precede payments for ongoing effort. Several patterns are possible for the cash allocation between the two agents with ongoing effort. In one case, where the two agents face equally severe moral hazard, they share the cash flow equally at each point of time. In another case, where the two agents have different severities of moral hazard, their payments are sequential. In a more general case, the two agents with ongoing effort first receive the cash flow alternately with an increasing frequency of switches and then divide the cash flow at each point of time. This study provides a framework for understanding a broad set of business-contracting issues. The characteristics suggested in the optimal contract help us analyze the causes of business failure such as the recent debacle of mortgage-backed securities. DEWEY : 658 ISSN : 0025-1909 En ligne : http://mansci.journal.informs.org/cgi/content/abstract/56/9/1568

Does a manufacturer benefit from selling to a better-forecasting retailer? / Terry A. Taylor in Management science, Vol. 56 N° 9 (Septembre 2010) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Management science > Vol. 56 N° 9 (Septembre 2010) . - pp. 1584-1598 Titre : Does a manufacturer benefit from selling to a better-forecasting retailer? Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Terry A. Taylor, Auteur ; Wenqiang Xiao, Auteur Année de publication : 2010 Article en page(s) : pp. 1584-1598 Note générale : Management Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Supply  chain  contracting  Asymmetric  information  Forecasting Index. décimale : 658 Organisation des entreprises. Techniques du commerce Résumé : This paper considers a manufacturer selling to a newsvendor retailer that possesses superior demand-forecast information. We show that the manufacturer's expected profit is convex in the retailer's forecasting accuracy: The manufacturer benefits from selling to a better-forecasting retailer if and only if the retailer is already a good forecaster. If the retailer has poor forecasting capabilities, then the manufacturer is hurt as the retailer's forecasting capability improves. More generally, the manufacturer tends to be hurt (benefit) by improved retailer forecasting capabilities if the product economics are lucrative (poor). Finally, the optimal procurement contract is a quantity discount contract. DEWEY : 658 ISSN : 0025-1909 En ligne : http://mansci.journal.informs.org/cgi/content/abstract/56/9/1584 [article] Does a manufacturer benefit from selling to a better-forecasting retailer? [texte imprimé] / Terry A. Taylor, Auteur ; Wenqiang Xiao, Auteur . - 2010 . - pp. 1584-1598. Management Langues : Anglais (eng) in Management science > Vol. 56 N° 9 (Septembre 2010) . - pp. 1584-1598 Mots-clés : Supply  chain  contracting  Asymmetric  information  Forecasting Index. décimale : 658 Organisation des entreprises. Techniques du commerce Résumé : This paper considers a manufacturer selling to a newsvendor retailer that possesses superior demand-forecast information. We show that the manufacturer's expected profit is convex in the retailer's forecasting accuracy: The manufacturer benefits from selling to a better-forecasting retailer if and only if the retailer is already a good forecaster. If the retailer has poor forecasting capabilities, then the manufacturer is hurt as the retailer's forecasting capability improves. More generally, the manufacturer tends to be hurt (benefit) by improved retailer forecasting capabilities if the product economics are lucrative (poor). Finally, the optimal procurement contract is a quantity discount contract. DEWEY : 658 ISSN : 0025-1909 En ligne : http://mansci.journal.informs.org/cgi/content/abstract/56/9/1584

Commercializing science / Andrew A. Toole in Management science, Vol. 56 N° 9 (Septembre 2010) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Management science > Vol. 56 N° 9 (Septembre 2010) . - pp. 1599-1614 Titre : Commercializing science : Is there a university "brain drain" from academic entrepreneurship? Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Andrew A. Toole, Auteur ; Dirk Czarnitzki, Auteur Année de publication : 2010 Article en page(s) : pp. 1599-1614 Note générale : Management Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Academic  entrepreneurship  SBIR  NIH  Brain  drain  Research  productivity  University  mission Index. décimale : 658 Organisation des entreprises. Techniques du commerce Résumé : When academic researchers participate in commercialization using for-profit firms, there is a potentially costly trade-off—their time and effort are diverted away from academic knowledge production. This is a form of brain drain on the not-for-profit research sector that may reduce knowledge accumulation and adversely impact long-run economic growth. In this paper, we examine the economic significance of the brain drain phenomenon using scientist-level panel data. We identify life scientists who start or join for-profit firms using information from the Small Business Innovation Research program and analyze the research performance of these scientists relative to a control group of randomly selected research peers. Combining our statistical results with data on the number of university spin-offs in the United States from 1994 to 2004, we find the academic brain drain has a nontrivial impact on knowledge production in the not-for-profit research sector. DEWEY : 658 ISSN : 0025-1909 En ligne : http://mansci.journal.informs.org/cgi/content/abstract/56/9/1599 [article] Commercializing science : Is there a university "brain drain" from academic entrepreneurship? [texte imprimé] / Andrew A. Toole, Auteur ; Dirk Czarnitzki, Auteur . - 2010 . - pp. 1599-1614. Management Langues : Anglais (eng) in Management science > Vol. 56 N° 9 (Septembre 2010) . - pp. 1599-1614 Mots-clés : Academic  entrepreneurship  SBIR  NIH  Brain  drain  Research  productivity  University  mission Index. décimale : 658 Organisation des entreprises. Techniques du commerce Résumé : When academic researchers participate in commercialization using for-profit firms, there is a potentially costly trade-off—their time and effort are diverted away from academic knowledge production. This is a form of brain drain on the not-for-profit research sector that may reduce knowledge accumulation and adversely impact long-run economic growth. In this paper, we examine the economic significance of the brain drain phenomenon using scientist-level panel data. We identify life scientists who start or join for-profit firms using information from the Small Business Innovation Research program and analyze the research performance of these scientists relative to a control group of randomly selected research peers. Combining our statistical results with data on the number of university spin-offs in the United States from 1994 to 2004, we find the academic brain drain has a nontrivial impact on knowledge production in the not-for-profit research sector. DEWEY : 658 ISSN : 0025-1909 En ligne : http://mansci.journal.informs.org/cgi/content/abstract/56/9/1599

Using scheduled ordering to improve the performance of distribution supply chains / Lucy Gongtao Chen in Management science, Vol. 56 N° 9 (Septembre 2010) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Management science > Vol. 56 N° 9 (Septembre 2010) . - pp. 1615-1632 Titre : Using scheduled ordering to improve the performance of distribution supply chains Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Lucy Gongtao Chen, Auteur ; Srinagesh Gavirneni, Auteur Année de publication : 2010 Article en page(s) : pp. 1615-1632 Note générale : Management Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Scheduled  ordering  policy  Distribution  supply  chains  Inventory  cost Index. décimale : 658 Organisation des entreprises. Techniques du commerce Résumé : We study a supply chain with one supplier and many retailers that face exogenous end-customer demands. The supplier and the retailers all try to minimize their own inventory-related costs. In contrast to the retailers' newsvendor-type ordering behavior (under which retailers may place orders freely in every period), we propose two scheduled ordering policies: the scheduled balanced ordering policy (SBOP) and the scheduled synchronized ordering policy (SSOP). Under both the SBOP and SSOP, retailers are allowed to order freely only in one period of an ordering cycle, and receive fixed shipments in other periods. Retailers take turns to order freely under the SBOP, while under the SSOP all retailers order freely in the same period. With the average supply chain cost per period as the performance measure, we identify mathematical conditions under which scheduled ordering policies outperform the newsvendor-type ordering. Through a large-scale numerical study, we find that scheduled ordering policies are most effective when (i) the supplier's holding and expediting costs are high and the retailer's backorder cost is small, (ii) the end-customer demand variance and correlation are high, and (iii) the supplier's capacity is high. In addition, we observe that the behavior of the SSOP often complements that of the SBOP. Whereas the SBOP is better than SSOP when the supplier's capacity is low and when the end-customer demand correlation level is high, the SSOP is better when the opposite conditions prevail. DEWEY : 658 ISSN : 0025-1909 En ligne : http://mansci.journal.informs.org/cgi/content/abstract/56/9/1615 [article] Using scheduled ordering to improve the performance of distribution supply chains [texte imprimé] / Lucy Gongtao Chen, Auteur ; Srinagesh Gavirneni, Auteur . - 2010 . - pp. 1615-1632. Management Langues : Anglais (eng) in Management science > Vol. 56 N° 9 (Septembre 2010) . - pp. 1615-1632 Mots-clés : Scheduled  ordering  policy  Distribution  supply  chains  Inventory  cost Index. décimale : 658 Organisation des entreprises. Techniques du commerce Résumé : We study a supply chain with one supplier and many retailers that face exogenous end-customer demands. The supplier and the retailers all try to minimize their own inventory-related costs. In contrast to the retailers' newsvendor-type ordering behavior (under which retailers may place orders freely in every period), we propose two scheduled ordering policies: the scheduled balanced ordering policy (SBOP) and the scheduled synchronized ordering policy (SSOP). Under both the SBOP and SSOP, retailers are allowed to order freely only in one period of an ordering cycle, and receive fixed shipments in other periods. Retailers take turns to order freely under the SBOP, while under the SSOP all retailers order freely in the same period. With the average supply chain cost per period as the performance measure, we identify mathematical conditions under which scheduled ordering policies outperform the newsvendor-type ordering. Through a large-scale numerical study, we find that scheduled ordering policies are most effective when (i) the supplier's holding and expediting costs are high and the retailer's backorder cost is small, (ii) the end-customer demand variance and correlation are high, and (iii) the supplier's capacity is high. In addition, we observe that the behavior of the SSOP often complements that of the SBOP. Whereas the SBOP is better than SSOP when the supplier's capacity is low and when the end-customer demand correlation level is high, the SSOP is better when the opposite conditions prevail. DEWEY : 658 ISSN : 0025-1909 En ligne : http://mansci.journal.informs.org/cgi/content/abstract/56/9/1615

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