Dépouillements

On the relative merits of simple and advanced constitutive models in dynamic analysis of tunnels / S. Kontoe in Géotechnique, Vol. 61 N° 10 (Octobre 2010) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Géotechnique > Vol. 61 N° 10 (Octobre 2010) . - pp. 815-829 Titre : On the relative merits of simple and advanced constitutive models in dynamic analysis of tunnels Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : S. Kontoe, Auteur ; L. Zdravkovic, Auteur ; D. M. Potts, Auteur Année de publication : 2011 Article en page(s) : pp. 815-829 Note générale : Génie Civil Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Earthquakes  Numerical  modelling  Constitutive  relations  Tunnels Index. décimale : 624 Constructions du génie civil et du bâtiment. Infrastructures. Ouvrages en terres. Fondations. Tunnels. Ponts et charpentes Résumé : This paper compares simple constitutive models that are widely used in engineering practice with more sophisticated methods in the context of a case study. In particular, four constitutive modelling approaches have been considered: a simple elasto-plastic constitutive model (modified Cam-clay), with and without Rayleigh damping; the same model coupled with a cyclic non-linear model that can simulate pre-yield hysteresis; and finally an advanced kinematic hardening model, which is an improved version of the Al-Tabbaa & Wood two-surface model. These four approaches are used to analyse the seismic response of a section of the Bolu tunnels during the 1999 Duzce earthquake. To shed light on the performance of the constitutive models, simple site response finite-element analyses were first undertaken for the studied site, paying particular attention to the calibration of the Rayleigh damping parameters. The results of these analyses, in terms of maximum shear strain, were then used as input to an analytical elastic method (extended Hoeg method) for calculating the thrust and bending moment acting in the tunnel lining. Finally the results of dynamic time domain plane-strain analyses, employing the four adopted constitutive modelling approaches, are compared against field observations and results obtained by the extended Hoeg method, to investigate the ability of the models, of ranging complexity, to mimic soil response under seismic excitation. DEWEY : 624.15 ISSN : 0016-8505 En ligne : http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/content/article/10.1680/geot.9.p.141 [article] On the relative merits of simple and advanced constitutive models in dynamic analysis of tunnels [texte imprimé] / S. Kontoe, Auteur ; L. Zdravkovic, Auteur ; D. M. Potts, Auteur . - 2011 . - pp. 815-829. Génie Civil Langues : Anglais (eng) in Géotechnique > Vol. 61 N° 10 (Octobre 2010) . - pp. 815-829 Mots-clés : Earthquakes  Numerical  modelling  Constitutive  relations  Tunnels Index. décimale : 624 Constructions du génie civil et du bâtiment. Infrastructures. Ouvrages en terres. Fondations. Tunnels. Ponts et charpentes Résumé : This paper compares simple constitutive models that are widely used in engineering practice with more sophisticated methods in the context of a case study. In particular, four constitutive modelling approaches have been considered: a simple elasto-plastic constitutive model (modified Cam-clay), with and without Rayleigh damping; the same model coupled with a cyclic non-linear model that can simulate pre-yield hysteresis; and finally an advanced kinematic hardening model, which is an improved version of the Al-Tabbaa & Wood two-surface model. These four approaches are used to analyse the seismic response of a section of the Bolu tunnels during the 1999 Duzce earthquake. To shed light on the performance of the constitutive models, simple site response finite-element analyses were first undertaken for the studied site, paying particular attention to the calibration of the Rayleigh damping parameters. The results of these analyses, in terms of maximum shear strain, were then used as input to an analytical elastic method (extended Hoeg method) for calculating the thrust and bending moment acting in the tunnel lining. Finally the results of dynamic time domain plane-strain analyses, employing the four adopted constitutive modelling approaches, are compared against field observations and results obtained by the extended Hoeg method, to investigate the ability of the models, of ranging complexity, to mimic soil response under seismic excitation. DEWEY : 624.15 ISSN : 0016-8505 En ligne : http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/content/article/10.1680/geot.9.p.141

Temperature-dependent internal friction of clay in a cylindrical heat source problem / T. Hueckel in Géotechnique, Vol. 61 N° 10 (Octobre 2010) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Géotechnique > Vol. 61 N° 10 (Octobre 2010) . - pp. 831-844 Titre : Temperature-dependent internal friction of clay in a cylindrical heat source problem Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : T. Hueckel, Auteur ; B. Francois, Auteur ; L. Laloui, Auteur Année de publication : 2011 Article en page(s) : pp. 831-844 Note générale : Génie Civil Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Friction  Temperature  effects  Numerical  modelling  Failure  Clays Index. décimale : 624 Constructions du génie civil et du bâtiment. Infrastructures. Ouvrages en terres. Fondations. Tunnels. Ponts et charpentes Résumé : The effect of the temperature dependence of the internal friction angle is studied in a boundary value problem simulating the impact of a cylindrical heat source on the soil mass in which it is embedded. This follows a previous study which shows that such temperature dependence may substantially affect the interpretation of thermal failure in laboratory experiments. Even if the thermal increase of the internal friction is quite modest (less than 20% in terms of the critical state parameter, M), it affects quite significantly the effective stress path near the heat source. The effective stress path approaches the yield locus and the critical state at significantly higher principal stress difference values for the variable internal friction than for the M = const case. The ‘mean effective stress distance from the critical state' is substantially reduced during heating, which in the case of small perturbations of any parameter may lead to potentially unstable or statically inadmissible behaviour. The solutions obtained allow one to identify zones of influence around the heat source of several variables of interest. The two fields most affected by the thermal sensitivity of M are that of the axial stress, dropping significantly near the heat source, and that of the appearance of the thermoplastic strain. Both zones of influence are reduced in size by almost half when the friction angle is increased by 20% over 70°. The presented results may be of relevance to the design of prototype in situ installations and their monitoring, and eventually of actual facilities for nuclear waste disposal. DEWEY : 624.15 ISSN : 0016-8505 En ligne : http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/content/article/10.1680/geot.9.p.124 [article] Temperature-dependent internal friction of clay in a cylindrical heat source problem [texte imprimé] / T. Hueckel, Auteur ; B. Francois, Auteur ; L. Laloui, Auteur . - 2011 . - pp. 831-844. Génie Civil Langues : Anglais (eng) in Géotechnique > Vol. 61 N° 10 (Octobre 2010) . - pp. 831-844 Mots-clés : Friction  Temperature  effects  Numerical  modelling  Failure  Clays Index. décimale : 624 Constructions du génie civil et du bâtiment. Infrastructures. Ouvrages en terres. Fondations. Tunnels. Ponts et charpentes Résumé : The effect of the temperature dependence of the internal friction angle is studied in a boundary value problem simulating the impact of a cylindrical heat source on the soil mass in which it is embedded. This follows a previous study which shows that such temperature dependence may substantially affect the interpretation of thermal failure in laboratory experiments. Even if the thermal increase of the internal friction is quite modest (less than 20% in terms of the critical state parameter, M), it affects quite significantly the effective stress path near the heat source. The effective stress path approaches the yield locus and the critical state at significantly higher principal stress difference values for the variable internal friction than for the M = const case. The ‘mean effective stress distance from the critical state' is substantially reduced during heating, which in the case of small perturbations of any parameter may lead to potentially unstable or statically inadmissible behaviour. The solutions obtained allow one to identify zones of influence around the heat source of several variables of interest. The two fields most affected by the thermal sensitivity of M are that of the axial stress, dropping significantly near the heat source, and that of the appearance of the thermoplastic strain. Both zones of influence are reduced in size by almost half when the friction angle is increased by 20% over 70°. The presented results may be of relevance to the design of prototype in situ installations and their monitoring, and eventually of actual facilities for nuclear waste disposal. DEWEY : 624.15 ISSN : 0016-8505 En ligne : http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/content/article/10.1680/geot.9.p.124

Plane slope failures in the Langhe region of Italy / G. Bottino in Géotechnique, Vol. 61 N° 10 (Octobre 2010) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Géotechnique > Vol. 61 N° 10 (Octobre 2010) . - pp. 845-859 Titre : Plane slope failures in the Langhe region of Italy Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : G. Bottino, Auteur ; S. Chighini, Auteur ; R. Lancellotta, Auteur Année de publication : 2011 Article en page(s) : pp. 845-859 Note générale : Génie Civil Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Landslides  Case  history  Mineralogy  Clays  Shear  strength  Geology Index. décimale : 624 Constructions du génie civil et du bâtiment. Infrastructures. Ouvrages en terres. Fondations. Tunnels. Ponts et charpentes Résumé : Widespread plane slope failures have occurred in the hilly Langhe region (NW Italy) over the past two centuries and more recently in November 1994. The 1994 event caused the deaths of 20 people and major damage to properties. This paper is a description of the landslides that occurred in connection to flexural slip. The causes of the phenomena are discussed in detail, including the variation of the residual strength along the shear surface as a result of specific geological, chemical and mineralogical conditions. After examining the phenomena that contribute to create slide-prone slopes, the paper concentrates on the driving mechanisms applying to the case histories investigated. DEWEY : 624.15 ISSN : 0016-8505 En ligne : http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/content/article/10.1680/geot.7.00168 [article] Plane slope failures in the Langhe region of Italy [texte imprimé] / G. Bottino, Auteur ; S. Chighini, Auteur ; R. Lancellotta, Auteur . - 2011 . - pp. 845-859. Génie Civil Langues : Anglais (eng) in Géotechnique > Vol. 61 N° 10 (Octobre 2010) . - pp. 845-859 Mots-clés : Landslides  Case  history  Mineralogy  Clays  Shear  strength  Geology Index. décimale : 624 Constructions du génie civil et du bâtiment. Infrastructures. Ouvrages en terres. Fondations. Tunnels. Ponts et charpentes Résumé : Widespread plane slope failures have occurred in the hilly Langhe region (NW Italy) over the past two centuries and more recently in November 1994. The 1994 event caused the deaths of 20 people and major damage to properties. This paper is a description of the landslides that occurred in connection to flexural slip. The causes of the phenomena are discussed in detail, including the variation of the residual strength along the shear surface as a result of specific geological, chemical and mineralogical conditions. After examining the phenomena that contribute to create slide-prone slopes, the paper concentrates on the driving mechanisms applying to the case histories investigated. DEWEY : 624.15 ISSN : 0016-8505 En ligne : http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/content/article/10.1680/geot.7.00168

Delayed failure of quarry slopes in stiff clays / P. Lollino in Géotechnique, Vol. 61 N° 10 (Octobre 2010) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Géotechnique > Vol. 61 N° 10 (Octobre 2010) . - pp. 861-874 Titre : Delayed failure of quarry slopes in stiff clays : the case of the Lucera landslide Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : P. Lollino, Auteur ; F. Santaloia, Auteur ; A. Amorosi, Auteur Année de publication : 2011 Article en page(s) : pp. 861-874 Note générale : Génie Civil Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Numerical  modelling  Clays  Landslides  Pore  pressures Index. décimale : 624 Constructions du génie civil et du bâtiment. Infrastructures. Ouvrages en terres. Fondations. Tunnels. Ponts et charpentes Résumé : This paper concerns the landslide process occurring on a cut slope in stiff clays located at the north of the town of Lucera in southern Italy. This unstable slope lies between a hospital at the top and an abandoned quarry at the toe: the quarry was active until the end of the 1970s. A first landslide occurred around 1980, and was characterised by a subsequent retrogressive evolution. This paper presents an interpretation of the slope failure mechanism based on the results of geomorphological studies, field monitoring, laboratory testing, and both limit equilibrium and coupled numerical analyses, these latter carried out with FLAC2D. In particular, the numerical analyses have been performed in order to interpret the evolution of the slope movements with time, and to assess the influence of the quarrying-induced excess pore pressures on the development of the failure process. The numerical results show that during the excavation stages the negative excess pore water pressures due to undrained unloading allowed for a temporary stability of the slope. The analyses also indicate that the process of pore pressure equalisation triggered the 1980 failure, and initiated the retrogressive evolution of the landslide. DEWEY : 624.15 ISSN : 0016-8505 En ligne : http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/content/article/10.1680/geot.8.p.160 [article] Delayed failure of quarry slopes in stiff clays : the case of the Lucera landslide [texte imprimé] / P. Lollino, Auteur ; F. Santaloia, Auteur ; A. Amorosi, Auteur . - 2011 . - pp. 861-874. Génie Civil Langues : Anglais (eng) in Géotechnique > Vol. 61 N° 10 (Octobre 2010) . - pp. 861-874 Mots-clés : Numerical  modelling  Clays  Landslides  Pore  pressures Index. décimale : 624 Constructions du génie civil et du bâtiment. Infrastructures. Ouvrages en terres. Fondations. Tunnels. Ponts et charpentes Résumé : This paper concerns the landslide process occurring on a cut slope in stiff clays located at the north of the town of Lucera in southern Italy. This unstable slope lies between a hospital at the top and an abandoned quarry at the toe: the quarry was active until the end of the 1970s. A first landslide occurred around 1980, and was characterised by a subsequent retrogressive evolution. This paper presents an interpretation of the slope failure mechanism based on the results of geomorphological studies, field monitoring, laboratory testing, and both limit equilibrium and coupled numerical analyses, these latter carried out with FLAC2D. In particular, the numerical analyses have been performed in order to interpret the evolution of the slope movements with time, and to assess the influence of the quarrying-induced excess pore pressures on the development of the failure process. The numerical results show that during the excavation stages the negative excess pore water pressures due to undrained unloading allowed for a temporary stability of the slope. The analyses also indicate that the process of pore pressure equalisation triggered the 1980 failure, and initiated the retrogressive evolution of the landslide. DEWEY : 624.15 ISSN : 0016-8505 En ligne : http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/content/article/10.1680/geot.8.p.160

Effects of temperature and thermal gradient on thermocouple psychrometer measurements / H. M. Abuel-Naga in Géotechnique, Vol. 61 N° 10 (Octobre 2010) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Géotechnique > Vol. 61 N° 10 (Octobre 2010) . - pp. 875-885 Titre : Effects of temperature and thermal gradient on thermocouple psychrometer measurements Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : H. M. Abuel-Naga, Auteur ; Bouazza, A., Auteur Année de publication : 2011 Article en page(s) : pp. 875-885 Note générale : Génie Civil Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Neural  networks  Partial  saturation  Suction  Temperature  effects  Monitoring Index. décimale : 624 Constructions du génie civil et du bâtiment. Infrastructures. Ouvrages en terres. Fondations. Tunnels. Ponts et charpentes Résumé : This paper presents the results of a study aimed at assessing the effects of temperature and thermal gradient on psychrometer readings, and at developing a calibration protocol that takes into account these effects. An intensive calibration programme was conducted at different temperatures (20–35°C) and water potential levels (0·0 to ∼7·0 MPa), for this purpose. The thermal gradient was expressed as the difference in temperature between wet and dry junctions in the thermocouple psychrometer sensor. The collected calibration data were used to build an artificial neural network psychrometer model. The developed model was able to simulate successfully the psychrometer output at different conditions, and was used to conduct a detailed parametric study to evaluate the influence of temperature and thermal gradient on thermocouple psychrometer measurements. The outcome of this study shows the importance of including the effects of temperature and thermal gradient in the standard calibration process. Moreover, it introduces a new, precise calibration protocol that takes advantage of the artificial neural network approach. DEWEY : 624.15 ISSN : 0016-8505 En ligne : http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/content/article/10.1680/geot.9.p.102 [article] Effects of temperature and thermal gradient on thermocouple psychrometer measurements [texte imprimé] / H. M. Abuel-Naga, Auteur ; Bouazza, A., Auteur . - 2011 . - pp. 875-885. Génie Civil Langues : Anglais (eng) in Géotechnique > Vol. 61 N° 10 (Octobre 2010) . - pp. 875-885 Mots-clés : Neural  networks  Partial  saturation  Suction  Temperature  effects  Monitoring Index. décimale : 624 Constructions du génie civil et du bâtiment. Infrastructures. Ouvrages en terres. Fondations. Tunnels. Ponts et charpentes Résumé : This paper presents the results of a study aimed at assessing the effects of temperature and thermal gradient on psychrometer readings, and at developing a calibration protocol that takes into account these effects. An intensive calibration programme was conducted at different temperatures (20–35°C) and water potential levels (0·0 to ∼7·0 MPa), for this purpose. The thermal gradient was expressed as the difference in temperature between wet and dry junctions in the thermocouple psychrometer sensor. The collected calibration data were used to build an artificial neural network psychrometer model. The developed model was able to simulate successfully the psychrometer output at different conditions, and was used to conduct a detailed parametric study to evaluate the influence of temperature and thermal gradient on thermocouple psychrometer measurements. The outcome of this study shows the importance of including the effects of temperature and thermal gradient in the standard calibration process. Moreover, it introduces a new, precise calibration protocol that takes advantage of the artificial neural network approach. DEWEY : 624.15 ISSN : 0016-8505 En ligne : http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/content/article/10.1680/geot.9.p.102

Microscopic numerical model of fluid flow in granular material / Shimizu, Y. in Géotechnique, Vol. 61 N° 10 (Octobre 2010) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Géotechnique > Vol. 61 N° 10 (Octobre 2010) . - pp. 887-896 Titre : Microscopic numerical model of fluid flow in granular material Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Shimizu, Y., Auteur Année de publication : 2011 Article en page(s) : pp. 887-896 Note générale : Génie Civil Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Pore  pressures  Numerical  modelling  Groundwater  Liquefaction Index. décimale : 624 Constructions du génie civil et du bâtiment. Infrastructures. Ouvrages en terres. Fondations. Tunnels. Ponts et charpentes Résumé : A microscopic numerical model of fluid flow through granular materials using the discrete-element method is developed to take account of the effect of particle movement. The scheme solves for fluid pressure in void spaces surrounded by the particle elements used in the discrete-element method to consider the compressibility of fluid during particle movement and diffusion, that is flow across void spaces in a one-dimensional form of Darcy's law. The calculated fluid pressure is applied to particles involved in the void space as a body force proportional to the occupied area in the space. This microscopic two-way coupling method enables the analysis of the microscopic mechanical characteristics of granular materials associated with fluid, as many problems in geotechnics involve such interactions between particles and a pore fluid. The approach can be applied in situations with undrained dynamic loading inducing excess pore water pressure and subsequent liquefaction. The paper first describes the formulation and the numerical scheme, then two-dimensional simulations are conducted to validate the scheme. DEWEY : 624.15 ISSN : 0016-8505 En ligne : http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/content/article/10.1680/geot.8.p.102 [article] Microscopic numerical model of fluid flow in granular material [texte imprimé] / Shimizu, Y., Auteur . - 2011 . - pp. 887-896. Génie Civil Langues : Anglais (eng) in Géotechnique > Vol. 61 N° 10 (Octobre 2010) . - pp. 887-896 Mots-clés : Pore  pressures  Numerical  modelling  Groundwater  Liquefaction Index. décimale : 624 Constructions du génie civil et du bâtiment. Infrastructures. Ouvrages en terres. Fondations. Tunnels. Ponts et charpentes Résumé : A microscopic numerical model of fluid flow through granular materials using the discrete-element method is developed to take account of the effect of particle movement. The scheme solves for fluid pressure in void spaces surrounded by the particle elements used in the discrete-element method to consider the compressibility of fluid during particle movement and diffusion, that is flow across void spaces in a one-dimensional form of Darcy's law. The calculated fluid pressure is applied to particles involved in the void space as a body force proportional to the occupied area in the space. This microscopic two-way coupling method enables the analysis of the microscopic mechanical characteristics of granular materials associated with fluid, as many problems in geotechnics involve such interactions between particles and a pore fluid. The approach can be applied in situations with undrained dynamic loading inducing excess pore water pressure and subsequent liquefaction. The paper first describes the formulation and the numerical scheme, then two-dimensional simulations are conducted to validate the scheme. DEWEY : 624.15 ISSN : 0016-8505 En ligne : http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/content/article/10.1680/geot.8.p.102

Use and misuse of the isotache concept with respect to creep hypotheses A and B / S. A. Begago in Géotechnique, Vol. 61 N° 10 (Octobre 2010) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Géotechnique > Vol. 61 N° 10 (Octobre 2010) . - pp. 897-908 Titre : Use and misuse of the isotache concept with respect to creep hypotheses A and B Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : S. A. Begago, Auteur ; G. Grimstad, Auteur ; H. P. Jostad, Auteur Année de publication : 2011 Article en page(s) : pp. 897-908 Note générale : Génie Civil Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Compressibility  Clays  Deformation  Creep  Settlement  Consolidation Index. décimale : 624 Constructions du génie civil et du bâtiment. Infrastructures. Ouvrages en terres. Fondations. Tunnels. Ponts et charpentes Résumé : Time-dependent settlements of thick in situ clay layers are normally analysed based on results of thin laboratory specimens. However, the time used to complete primary consolidation is significantly different for laboratory specimens and in situ soil layers. Two totally different cases, referred to as creep hypotheses A and B, have been used as a basis of discussion to assess the effect of creep during the primary consolidation phase. Several laboratory and field experiments have been conducted to study the effect of soil layer thickness on the time-dependent compressibility of a soil layer. Some of these tests seemed to support hypothesis A, others hypothesis B, and in some cases showed a behaviour between the two. As a result this question has continued to be a controversial topic among researchers, and remains to be an issue that needs to be resolved. In this study, some relevant experimental investigations from the literature are thoroughly studied and critically reviewed, and also explained consistently using the isotache concept. This work indicates that the isotache approach can capture the main characteristics of the time-dependent compressibility of clays during both the primary and secondary consolidation phases. It is also shown that the misuse of the isotache concept, as reported in the literature, may give a confusing picture of reality. Based on the considered data, it is demonstrated that the measured time-dependent compressibility of clays agrees well with hypothesis B. DEWEY : 624.15 ISSN : 0016-8505 En ligne : http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/content/article/10.1680/geot.9.p.112 [article] Use and misuse of the isotache concept with respect to creep hypotheses A and B [texte imprimé] / S. A. Begago, Auteur ; G. Grimstad, Auteur ; H. P. Jostad, Auteur . - 2011 . - pp. 897-908. Génie Civil Langues : Anglais (eng) in Géotechnique > Vol. 61 N° 10 (Octobre 2010) . - pp. 897-908 Mots-clés : Compressibility  Clays  Deformation  Creep  Settlement  Consolidation Index. décimale : 624 Constructions du génie civil et du bâtiment. Infrastructures. Ouvrages en terres. Fondations. Tunnels. Ponts et charpentes Résumé : Time-dependent settlements of thick in situ clay layers are normally analysed based on results of thin laboratory specimens. However, the time used to complete primary consolidation is significantly different for laboratory specimens and in situ soil layers. Two totally different cases, referred to as creep hypotheses A and B, have been used as a basis of discussion to assess the effect of creep during the primary consolidation phase. Several laboratory and field experiments have been conducted to study the effect of soil layer thickness on the time-dependent compressibility of a soil layer. Some of these tests seemed to support hypothesis A, others hypothesis B, and in some cases showed a behaviour between the two. As a result this question has continued to be a controversial topic among researchers, and remains to be an issue that needs to be resolved. In this study, some relevant experimental investigations from the literature are thoroughly studied and critically reviewed, and also explained consistently using the isotache concept. This work indicates that the isotache approach can capture the main characteristics of the time-dependent compressibility of clays during both the primary and secondary consolidation phases. It is also shown that the misuse of the isotache concept, as reported in the literature, may give a confusing picture of reality. Based on the considered data, it is demonstrated that the measured time-dependent compressibility of clays agrees well with hypothesis B. DEWEY : 624.15 ISSN : 0016-8505 En ligne : http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/content/article/10.1680/geot.9.p.112

Exemplaires

Bibliothèque Ecole Nationale Polytechnique d'Alger

Accueil

Se connecter

Météo

Adresse