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Management science: a Journal of the institute for operations research and the management sciences |
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Ajouter le résultat dans votre panierBias in white / Brian Rubineau in Management science, Vol. 58 N° 4 (Avril 2012)
in Management science > Vol. 58 N° 4 (Avril 2012) . - pp. 660-677
Titre : Bias in white : A longitudinal natural experiment measuring changes in discrimination Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Brian Rubineau, Auteur ; Yoon Kang, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : pp. 660-677 Note générale : Management Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Healthcare Treatment Professional Education systems Organizational studies Effectiveness–performance Behavior Résumé : Many professions are plagued by disparities in service delivery. Racial disparities in policing, mortgage lending, and healthcare are some notable examples. Because disparities can result from a myriad of mechanisms, crafting effective disparity mitigation policies requires knowing which mechanisms are active and which are not. In this study we can distinguish whether one mechanism—statistical discrimination—is a primary explanation for racial disparities in physicians' treatment of patients. In a longitudinal natural experiment using repeated quasi-audit studies of medical students, we test for within-cohort changes in disparities from medical student behaviors as they interact with white and black patient actors. We find significant increases in medical students' disparate behaviors by patient race between their first and second years of medical school. This finding is inconsistent with statistical discrimination predictions and challenges the idea that statistical discrimination is primarily responsible for racial disparities in patient care. DEWEY : 658 ISSN : 0025-1909 En ligne : http://mansci.journal.informs.org/content/58/4/660.abstract [article] Bias in white : A longitudinal natural experiment measuring changes in discrimination [texte imprimé] / Brian Rubineau, Auteur ; Yoon Kang, Auteur . - 2012 . - pp. 660-677.
Management
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Management science > Vol. 58 N° 4 (Avril 2012) . - pp. 660-677
Mots-clés : Healthcare Treatment Professional Education systems Organizational studies Effectiveness–performance Behavior Résumé : Many professions are plagued by disparities in service delivery. Racial disparities in policing, mortgage lending, and healthcare are some notable examples. Because disparities can result from a myriad of mechanisms, crafting effective disparity mitigation policies requires knowing which mechanisms are active and which are not. In this study we can distinguish whether one mechanism—statistical discrimination—is a primary explanation for racial disparities in physicians' treatment of patients. In a longitudinal natural experiment using repeated quasi-audit studies of medical students, we test for within-cohort changes in disparities from medical student behaviors as they interact with white and black patient actors. We find significant increases in medical students' disparate behaviors by patient race between their first and second years of medical school. This finding is inconsistent with statistical discrimination predictions and challenges the idea that statistical discrimination is primarily responsible for racial disparities in patient care. DEWEY : 658 ISSN : 0025-1909 En ligne : http://mansci.journal.informs.org/content/58/4/660.abstract
in Management science > Vol. 58 N° 4 (Avril 2012) . - pp. 678-695
Titre : Now it's personal : Offshoring and the shifting skill composition of the U.S. information technology workforce Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Prasanna Tambe, Auteur ; Lorin M. Hitt, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : pp. 678-695 Note générale : Management Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Information systems IT policy and management Management of IT human resources Organizational change Outsourcing Offshoring Résumé : We combine new information technology (IT) offshoring and IT workforce microdata to investigate how the use of IT offshore captive centers is affecting the skill composition of the U.S. onshore IT workforce. The analysis is based on the theory that occupations involving tasks that are “tradable,” such as tasks that require little personal communication or hands-on interaction with U.S.-based objects, are vulnerable to being moved offshore. Consistent with this theory, we find that firms that have offshore IT captive centers have 8% less of their onshore IT workforce involved in tradable occupations; those without offshore captive centers have increased the proportion of onshore employment in these same occupations by 3%. In addition, we find that hourly IT workers (e.g., IT contractors) are disproportionately employed in tradable jobs, and their onshore employment is 2%–3% lower in firms with offshore captive centers. These findings persist after considering different measures of employment composition, including controls for human capital, firm performance, domestic outsourcing, and whether firms choose to build or buy software. Instrumental variables and corroborating regressions suggest that our estimates are conservative—the magnitude of the effect generally rises after accounting for reverse causality and measurement error. DEWEY : 658 ISSN : 0025-1909 En ligne : http://mansci.journal.informs.org/content/58/4/678.abstract [article] Now it's personal : Offshoring and the shifting skill composition of the U.S. information technology workforce [texte imprimé] / Prasanna Tambe, Auteur ; Lorin M. Hitt, Auteur . - 2012 . - pp. 678-695.
Management
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Management science > Vol. 58 N° 4 (Avril 2012) . - pp. 678-695
Mots-clés : Information systems IT policy and management Management of IT human resources Organizational change Outsourcing Offshoring Résumé : We combine new information technology (IT) offshoring and IT workforce microdata to investigate how the use of IT offshore captive centers is affecting the skill composition of the U.S. onshore IT workforce. The analysis is based on the theory that occupations involving tasks that are “tradable,” such as tasks that require little personal communication or hands-on interaction with U.S.-based objects, are vulnerable to being moved offshore. Consistent with this theory, we find that firms that have offshore IT captive centers have 8% less of their onshore IT workforce involved in tradable occupations; those without offshore captive centers have increased the proportion of onshore employment in these same occupations by 3%. In addition, we find that hourly IT workers (e.g., IT contractors) are disproportionately employed in tradable jobs, and their onshore employment is 2%–3% lower in firms with offshore captive centers. These findings persist after considering different measures of employment composition, including controls for human capital, firm performance, domestic outsourcing, and whether firms choose to build or buy software. Instrumental variables and corroborating regressions suggest that our estimates are conservative—the magnitude of the effect generally rises after accounting for reverse causality and measurement error. DEWEY : 658 ISSN : 0025-1909 En ligne : http://mansci.journal.informs.org/content/58/4/678.abstract
in Management science > Vol. 58 N° 4 (Avril 2012) . - pp. 696-707
Titre : How does the variance of product ratings matter? Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Monic Sun, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : pp. 696-707 Note générale : Management Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Information transmission Product ratings Social media User-generated content Résumé : This paper examines the informational role of product ratings. We build a theoretical model in which ratings can help consumers figure out how much they would enjoy the product. In our model, a high average rating indicates a high product quality, whereas a high variance of ratings is associated with a niche product, one that some consumers love and others hate. Based on its informational role, a higher variance would correspond to a higher subsequent demand if and only if the average rating is low. We find empirical evidence that is consistent with the theoretical predictions with book data from Amazon.com and BN.com. A higher standard deviation of ratings on Amazon improves a book's relative sales rank when the average rating is lower than 4.1 stars, which is true for 35% of all the books in our sample. DEWEY : 658 ISSN : 0025-1909 En ligne : http://mansci.journal.informs.org/content/58/4/696.abstract [article] How does the variance of product ratings matter? [texte imprimé] / Monic Sun, Auteur . - 2012 . - pp. 696-707.
Management
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Management science > Vol. 58 N° 4 (Avril 2012) . - pp. 696-707
Mots-clés : Information transmission Product ratings Social media User-generated content Résumé : This paper examines the informational role of product ratings. We build a theoretical model in which ratings can help consumers figure out how much they would enjoy the product. In our model, a high average rating indicates a high product quality, whereas a high variance of ratings is associated with a niche product, one that some consumers love and others hate. Based on its informational role, a higher variance would correspond to a higher subsequent demand if and only if the average rating is low. We find empirical evidence that is consistent with the theoretical predictions with book data from Amazon.com and BN.com. A higher standard deviation of ratings on Amazon improves a book's relative sales rank when the average rating is lower than 4.1 stars, which is true for 35% of all the books in our sample. DEWEY : 658 ISSN : 0025-1909 En ligne : http://mansci.journal.informs.org/content/58/4/696.abstract
in Management science > Vol. 58 N° 4 (Avril 2012) . - pp. 708-722
Titre : Broadening focus : Spillovers, complementarities, and specialization in the hospital industry Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Jonathan R. Clark, Auteur ; Robert S. Huckman, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : pp. 708-722 Note générale : Management Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Operational focus Spillovers Complementarities Healthcare Organizational studies Effectiveness–performance Productivity Hospitals Résumé : The long-standing argument that focused operations outperform others stands in contrast to claims about the benefits of broader operational scope. The performance benefits of focus are typically attributed to reduced complexity, lower uncertainty, and the development of specialized expertise; the benefits of greater breadth are linked to the economies of scope achieved by sharing common resources, such as advertising or production capacity, across activities. Within the literature on corporate strategy, this tension between focus and breadth is reconciled by the concept of related diversification (i.e., a firm with multiple operating units, each specializing in distinct but related activities). We consider whether there are similar benefits to related diversification within an operating unit and examine the mechanism that generates these benefits. Using the empirical context of cardiovascular care within hospitals, we first examine the relationship between a hospital's level of specialization in cardiovascular care and the quality of its clinical performance on cardiovascular patients. We find that, on average, focus has a positive effect on quality performance. We then distinguish between positive spillovers and complementarities to examine (1) the extent to which a hospital's specialization in areas related to cardiovascular care directly impacts performance on cardiovascular patients (positive spillovers) and (2) whether the marginal benefit of a hospital's focus in cardiovascular care depends on the degree to which the hospital “cospecializes” in related areas (complementarities). In our setting, we find evidence of such complementarities in specialization. DEWEY : 658 ISSN : 0025-1909 En ligne : http://mansci.journal.informs.org/content/58/4/708.abstract [article] Broadening focus : Spillovers, complementarities, and specialization in the hospital industry [texte imprimé] / Jonathan R. Clark, Auteur ; Robert S. Huckman, Auteur . - 2012 . - pp. 708-722.
Management
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Management science > Vol. 58 N° 4 (Avril 2012) . - pp. 708-722
Mots-clés : Operational focus Spillovers Complementarities Healthcare Organizational studies Effectiveness–performance Productivity Hospitals Résumé : The long-standing argument that focused operations outperform others stands in contrast to claims about the benefits of broader operational scope. The performance benefits of focus are typically attributed to reduced complexity, lower uncertainty, and the development of specialized expertise; the benefits of greater breadth are linked to the economies of scope achieved by sharing common resources, such as advertising or production capacity, across activities. Within the literature on corporate strategy, this tension between focus and breadth is reconciled by the concept of related diversification (i.e., a firm with multiple operating units, each specializing in distinct but related activities). We consider whether there are similar benefits to related diversification within an operating unit and examine the mechanism that generates these benefits. Using the empirical context of cardiovascular care within hospitals, we first examine the relationship between a hospital's level of specialization in cardiovascular care and the quality of its clinical performance on cardiovascular patients. We find that, on average, focus has a positive effect on quality performance. We then distinguish between positive spillovers and complementarities to examine (1) the extent to which a hospital's specialization in areas related to cardiovascular care directly impacts performance on cardiovascular patients (positive spillovers) and (2) whether the marginal benefit of a hospital's focus in cardiovascular care depends on the degree to which the hospital “cospecializes” in related areas (complementarities). In our setting, we find evidence of such complementarities in specialization. DEWEY : 658 ISSN : 0025-1909 En ligne : http://mansci.journal.informs.org/content/58/4/708.abstract
in Management science > Vol. 58 N° 4 (Avril 2012) . - pp. 723-733
Titre : White lies Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Sanjiv Erat, Auteur ; Uri Gneezy, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : pp. 723-733 Note générale : Management Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Deception Lies Cheap talk Experiments Résumé : In this paper we distinguish between two types of white lies: those that help others at the expense of the person telling the lie, which we term altruistic white lies, and those that help both others and the liar, which we term Pareto white lies. We find that a large fraction of participants are reluctant to tell even a Pareto white lie, demonstrating a pure lie aversion independent of any social preferences for outcomes. In contrast, a nonnegligible fraction of participants are willing to tell an altruistic white lie that hurts them a bit but significantly helps others. Comparing white lies to those where lying increases the liar's payoff at the expense of another reveals important insights into the interaction of incentives, lying aversion, and preferences for payoff distributions. Finally, in line with previous findings, women are less likely to lie when it is costly to the other side. Interestingly though, we find that women are more likely to tell an altruistic lie. DEWEY : 658 ISSN : 0025-1909 En ligne : http://mansci.journal.informs.org/content/58/4/723.abstract [article] White lies [texte imprimé] / Sanjiv Erat, Auteur ; Uri Gneezy, Auteur . - 2012 . - pp. 723-733.
Management
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Management science > Vol. 58 N° 4 (Avril 2012) . - pp. 723-733
Mots-clés : Deception Lies Cheap talk Experiments Résumé : In this paper we distinguish between two types of white lies: those that help others at the expense of the person telling the lie, which we term altruistic white lies, and those that help both others and the liar, which we term Pareto white lies. We find that a large fraction of participants are reluctant to tell even a Pareto white lie, demonstrating a pure lie aversion independent of any social preferences for outcomes. In contrast, a nonnegligible fraction of participants are willing to tell an altruistic white lie that hurts them a bit but significantly helps others. Comparing white lies to those where lying increases the liar's payoff at the expense of another reveals important insights into the interaction of incentives, lying aversion, and preferences for payoff distributions. Finally, in line with previous findings, women are less likely to lie when it is costly to the other side. Interestingly though, we find that women are more likely to tell an altruistic lie. DEWEY : 658 ISSN : 0025-1909 En ligne : http://mansci.journal.informs.org/content/58/4/723.abstract
in Management science > Vol. 58 N° 4 (Avril 2012) . - pp. 734-753
Titre : Local R&D strategies and multilocation firms : The role of internal linkages Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Juan Alcácer, Auteur ; Minyuan Zhao, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : pp. 734-753 Note générale : Management Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Technology clusters Knowledge spillover Internalization Appropriability Résumé : This study looks at the role of internal linkages in highly competitive clusters. We argue that, in addition to serving as a mechanism for sourcing knowledge, strong internal linkages help firms increase internalization and create higher levels of technological interdependence across firm locations. Firms with strong networks of internal linkages are able to maintain tighter control over local innovation and reduce the risk that knowledge outflows will advantage competitors in clusters. Our empirical analysis of the global semiconductor industry shows that industry leaders intensify internal linkages across locations when they collocate with direct market competitors, but not when they collocate with innovators in the same technological field. We also find that internal linkages are associated with more knowledge flow within firms and less knowledge expropriation by collocated competitors. Our results suggest that future research in cluster innovation should consider the critical role of multilocation firms, their internal organization across clusters, and their responses to technological and market competition in clusters. DEWEY : 658 ISSN : 0025-1909 En ligne : http://mansci.journal.informs.org/content/58/4/734.abstract [article] Local R&D strategies and multilocation firms : The role of internal linkages [texte imprimé] / Juan Alcácer, Auteur ; Minyuan Zhao, Auteur . - 2012 . - pp. 734-753.
Management
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Management science > Vol. 58 N° 4 (Avril 2012) . - pp. 734-753
Mots-clés : Technology clusters Knowledge spillover Internalization Appropriability Résumé : This study looks at the role of internal linkages in highly competitive clusters. We argue that, in addition to serving as a mechanism for sourcing knowledge, strong internal linkages help firms increase internalization and create higher levels of technological interdependence across firm locations. Firms with strong networks of internal linkages are able to maintain tighter control over local innovation and reduce the risk that knowledge outflows will advantage competitors in clusters. Our empirical analysis of the global semiconductor industry shows that industry leaders intensify internal linkages across locations when they collocate with direct market competitors, but not when they collocate with innovators in the same technological field. We also find that internal linkages are associated with more knowledge flow within firms and less knowledge expropriation by collocated competitors. Our results suggest that future research in cluster innovation should consider the critical role of multilocation firms, their internal organization across clusters, and their responses to technological and market competition in clusters. DEWEY : 658 ISSN : 0025-1909 En ligne : http://mansci.journal.informs.org/content/58/4/734.abstract
in Management science > Vol. 58 N° 4 (Avril 2012) . - pp. 754-769
Titre : Traditional and IS-enabled customer acquisition on the internet Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Jeonghye Choi, Auteur ; David R. Bell, Auteur ; Leonard M. Lodish, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : pp. 754-769 Note générale : Management Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Count model Internet retailing Search Spatial analysis Word-of-mouth Résumé : Geographic variation in consumer use of Internet retailers is partly explained by variation in offline shopping costs. Explanations for geographic variation in the efficacy of different customer acquisition methods including traditional methods of offline word-of-mouth (WOM) and magazine advertising and information systems (IS)-enabled methods of online WOM and online search remain unexplored. We estimate a multivariate negative binomial distribution (NBD) model on zip code–level customer counts from a leading Internet retailer and provide new insights into factors explaining geographic variation in the success of these methods. First, we show that target customer density explains geographic variation over and above the impact due to the number of potential customers. Moreover, the effect of density is greatest for offline and online WOM acquisitions; this suggests that density contributes to contagion, connectivity, and a hypothesized “social multiplier.” Second, when senders and recipients of WOM share consumption benefits, WOM is more powerful and compelling. We find that location-based convenience benefits have stronger effects on location-dependent offline WOM acquisitions than on location-independent online WOM acquisitions. Third, acquisition channels contribute differently to the total customer pool—offline WOM acquisitions are clustered, whereas magazine acquisitions are dispersed. Finally, separate click-to-conversion data from Coremetrics.com indicates that using the model-based predictions to target specific markets delivers a twofold improvement in actual click-to-order rates. DEWEY : 658 ISSN : 0025-1909 En ligne : http://mansci.journal.informs.org/content/58/4/754.abstract [article] Traditional and IS-enabled customer acquisition on the internet [texte imprimé] / Jeonghye Choi, Auteur ; David R. Bell, Auteur ; Leonard M. Lodish, Auteur . - 2012 . - pp. 754-769.
Management
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Management science > Vol. 58 N° 4 (Avril 2012) . - pp. 754-769
Mots-clés : Count model Internet retailing Search Spatial analysis Word-of-mouth Résumé : Geographic variation in consumer use of Internet retailers is partly explained by variation in offline shopping costs. Explanations for geographic variation in the efficacy of different customer acquisition methods including traditional methods of offline word-of-mouth (WOM) and magazine advertising and information systems (IS)-enabled methods of online WOM and online search remain unexplored. We estimate a multivariate negative binomial distribution (NBD) model on zip code–level customer counts from a leading Internet retailer and provide new insights into factors explaining geographic variation in the success of these methods. First, we show that target customer density explains geographic variation over and above the impact due to the number of potential customers. Moreover, the effect of density is greatest for offline and online WOM acquisitions; this suggests that density contributes to contagion, connectivity, and a hypothesized “social multiplier.” Second, when senders and recipients of WOM share consumption benefits, WOM is more powerful and compelling. We find that location-based convenience benefits have stronger effects on location-dependent offline WOM acquisitions than on location-independent online WOM acquisitions. Third, acquisition channels contribute differently to the total customer pool—offline WOM acquisitions are clustered, whereas magazine acquisitions are dispersed. Finally, separate click-to-conversion data from Coremetrics.com indicates that using the model-based predictions to target specific markets delivers a twofold improvement in actual click-to-order rates. DEWEY : 658 ISSN : 0025-1909 En ligne : http://mansci.journal.informs.org/content/58/4/754.abstract
in Management science > Vol. 58 N° 4 (Avril 2012) . - pp. 770-790
Titre : Managing an available-to-promise assembly system with dynamic short-term pseudo-order forecast Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Long Gao, Auteur ; Susan H. Xu, Auteur ; Michael O. Ball, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : pp. 770-790 Note générale : Management Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Available-to-promise Pseudo orders Markov Stochastic dynamic programming Prioritization Resource and demand matching Resource-imbalance-based rationing Short-term and long-term forecasts robustness Résumé : We study an order promising problem in a multiclass, available-to-promise (ATP) assembly system in the presence of pseudo orders. A pseudo order refers to a tentative customer order whose attributes, such as the likelihood of an actual order, order quantity, and confirmation timing, can change dynamically over time. A unit demand from any class is assembled from one manufactured unit and one inventory unit, where the manufactured unit takes one unit of capacity and needs a single period to produce. An accepted order must be filled before a positive delivery lead time. The underlying order acceptance decisions involve trade-offs between committing resources (production capacity and component inventory) to low-reward firm orders and reserving resources for high-reward orders. We develop a Markov chain model that captures the key characteristics of pseudo orders, including demand lumpiness, nonstationarity, and volatility. We then formulate a stochastic dynamic program for the ATP assembly system that embeds the Markov chain model as a short-term forecast for pseudo orders. We show that the optimal order acceptance policy is characterized by class prioritization, resource-imbalance-based rationing, and capacity-inventory-demand matching. In particular, the rationing level for each class is determined by a critical value that depends on the resource imbalance level, defined as the net difference between the production capacity and component inventory levels. Extensive numerical tests underscore the importance of the key properties of the optimal policy and provide operational and managerial insights on the value of the short-term demand forecast and the robustness of the optimal policy. DEWEY : 658 ISSN : 0025-1909 En ligne : http://mansci.journal.informs.org/content/58/4/770.abstract [article] Managing an available-to-promise assembly system with dynamic short-term pseudo-order forecast [texte imprimé] / Long Gao, Auteur ; Susan H. Xu, Auteur ; Michael O. Ball, Auteur . - 2012 . - pp. 770-790.
Management
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Management science > Vol. 58 N° 4 (Avril 2012) . - pp. 770-790
Mots-clés : Available-to-promise Pseudo orders Markov Stochastic dynamic programming Prioritization Resource and demand matching Resource-imbalance-based rationing Short-term and long-term forecasts robustness Résumé : We study an order promising problem in a multiclass, available-to-promise (ATP) assembly system in the presence of pseudo orders. A pseudo order refers to a tentative customer order whose attributes, such as the likelihood of an actual order, order quantity, and confirmation timing, can change dynamically over time. A unit demand from any class is assembled from one manufactured unit and one inventory unit, where the manufactured unit takes one unit of capacity and needs a single period to produce. An accepted order must be filled before a positive delivery lead time. The underlying order acceptance decisions involve trade-offs between committing resources (production capacity and component inventory) to low-reward firm orders and reserving resources for high-reward orders. We develop a Markov chain model that captures the key characteristics of pseudo orders, including demand lumpiness, nonstationarity, and volatility. We then formulate a stochastic dynamic program for the ATP assembly system that embeds the Markov chain model as a short-term forecast for pseudo orders. We show that the optimal order acceptance policy is characterized by class prioritization, resource-imbalance-based rationing, and capacity-inventory-demand matching. In particular, the rationing level for each class is determined by a critical value that depends on the resource imbalance level, defined as the net difference between the production capacity and component inventory levels. Extensive numerical tests underscore the importance of the key properties of the optimal policy and provide operational and managerial insights on the value of the short-term demand forecast and the robustness of the optimal policy. DEWEY : 658 ISSN : 0025-1909 En ligne : http://mansci.journal.informs.org/content/58/4/770.abstract
in Management science > Vol. 58 N° 4 (Avril 2012) . - pp. 791-804
Titre : On evaluation costs in strategic factor markets : The implications for competition and organizational design Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : David Gaddis Ross, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : pp. 791-804 Note générale : Management Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Strategy Organizational studies Design Motivation–incentives Résumé : This paper uses a formal model to study how evaluation costs affect competition for resources in strategic factor markets. It finds that relative scarcity may not always benefit resource sellers. Rather, when competition among resource investors passes a certain threshold intensity, miscoordination among investors increases to the point that sellers' expected profits decline. This paper extends the model to consider how investors organize to overcome managerial agency in resource evaluation. Two organizational designs are considered: (a) incentivization, wherein a lower-level manager is motivated by an incentive contract to evaluate resources for an investor, and (b) supervision, wherein evaluation is either handled directly or closely monitored by headquarters. The model suggests that competition among investors will be associated with a greater use of supervision and that investors using supervision will tend to make lower offers. This paper also finds that supervision will be more common when valuable resources are rare. DEWEY : 658 ISSN : 0025-1909 En ligne : http://mansci.journal.informs.org/content/58/4/791.abstract [article] On evaluation costs in strategic factor markets : The implications for competition and organizational design [texte imprimé] / David Gaddis Ross, Auteur . - 2012 . - pp. 791-804.
Management
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Management science > Vol. 58 N° 4 (Avril 2012) . - pp. 791-804
Mots-clés : Strategy Organizational studies Design Motivation–incentives Résumé : This paper uses a formal model to study how evaluation costs affect competition for resources in strategic factor markets. It finds that relative scarcity may not always benefit resource sellers. Rather, when competition among resource investors passes a certain threshold intensity, miscoordination among investors increases to the point that sellers' expected profits decline. This paper extends the model to consider how investors organize to overcome managerial agency in resource evaluation. Two organizational designs are considered: (a) incentivization, wherein a lower-level manager is motivated by an incentive contract to evaluate resources for an investor, and (b) supervision, wherein evaluation is either handled directly or closely monitored by headquarters. The model suggests that competition among investors will be associated with a greater use of supervision and that investors using supervision will tend to make lower offers. This paper also finds that supervision will be more common when valuable resources are rare. DEWEY : 658 ISSN : 0025-1909 En ligne : http://mansci.journal.informs.org/content/58/4/791.abstract
in Management science > Vol. 58 N° 4 (Avril 2012) . - pp. 805-810
Titre : Optimal forecasting groups Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : P. J. Lamberson, Auteur ; Scott E. Page, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : pp. 805-810 Note générale : Management Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Combining forecasts Optimal groups Information aggregation Résumé : This paper characterizes the optimal composition of a group for making a combined forecast. In the model, individual forecasters have types defined according to a statistical criterion we call type coherence. Members of the same type have identical expected accuracy, and forecasters within a type have higher covariance than forecasters of different types. We derive the optimal group composition as a function of predictive accuracy, between- and within-type covariance, and group size. Group size plays a critical role in determining the optimal group: in small groups the most accurate type should be in the majority, whereas in large groups the type with the least within-type covariance should dominate. DEWEY : 658 ISSN : 0025-1909 En ligne : http://mansci.journal.informs.org/content/58/4/805.abstract [article] Optimal forecasting groups [texte imprimé] / P. J. Lamberson, Auteur ; Scott E. Page, Auteur . - 2012 . - pp. 805-810.
Management
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Management science > Vol. 58 N° 4 (Avril 2012) . - pp. 805-810
Mots-clés : Combining forecasts Optimal groups Information aggregation Résumé : This paper characterizes the optimal composition of a group for making a combined forecast. In the model, individual forecasters have types defined according to a statistical criterion we call type coherence. Members of the same type have identical expected accuracy, and forecasters within a type have higher covariance than forecasters of different types. We derive the optimal group composition as a function of predictive accuracy, between- and within-type covariance, and group size. Group size plays a critical role in determining the optimal group: in small groups the most accurate type should be in the majority, whereas in large groups the type with the least within-type covariance should dominate. DEWEY : 658 ISSN : 0025-1909 En ligne : http://mansci.journal.informs.org/content/58/4/805.abstract
in Management science > Vol. 58 N° 4 (Avril 2012) . - pp. 811-830
Titre : Effect of information feedback on bidder behavior in continuous combinatorial auctions Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Gediminas Adomavicius, Auteur ; Shawn P. Clark, Auteur ; Alok Gupta, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : pp. 811-830 Note générale : Management Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Auctions Combinatorial auctions Information feedback Bidder behavior Experimental economics Résumé : Combinatorial auctions—in which bidders can bid on combinations of goods—can increase the economic efficiency of a trade when goods have complementarities. Recent theoretical developments have lessened the computational complexity of these auctions, but the issue of cognitive complexity remains an unexplored barrier for the online marketplace. This study uses a data-driven approach to explore how bidders react to the complexity in such auctions using three experimental feedback treatments. Using cluster analyses of the bids and the clicks generated by bidders, we find three stable bidder strategies across the three treatments. Further, these strategies are robust for separate experiments using a different setup. We also benchmark the continuous auctions against an iterative form of combinatorial auction—the combinatorial clock auction. The enumeration of the bidding strategies across different types of feedback, along with the analysis of their economic implications, is offered to help practitioners design better combinatorial auction environments. DEWEY : 658 ISSN : 0025-1909 En ligne : http://mansci.journal.informs.org/content/58/4/811.abstract [article] Effect of information feedback on bidder behavior in continuous combinatorial auctions [texte imprimé] / Gediminas Adomavicius, Auteur ; Shawn P. Clark, Auteur ; Alok Gupta, Auteur . - 2012 . - pp. 811-830.
Management
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Management science > Vol. 58 N° 4 (Avril 2012) . - pp. 811-830
Mots-clés : Auctions Combinatorial auctions Information feedback Bidder behavior Experimental economics Résumé : Combinatorial auctions—in which bidders can bid on combinations of goods—can increase the economic efficiency of a trade when goods have complementarities. Recent theoretical developments have lessened the computational complexity of these auctions, but the issue of cognitive complexity remains an unexplored barrier for the online marketplace. This study uses a data-driven approach to explore how bidders react to the complexity in such auctions using three experimental feedback treatments. Using cluster analyses of the bids and the clicks generated by bidders, we find three stable bidder strategies across the three treatments. Further, these strategies are robust for separate experiments using a different setup. We also benchmark the continuous auctions against an iterative form of combinatorial auction—the combinatorial clock auction. The enumeration of the bidding strategies across different types of feedback, along with the analysis of their economic implications, is offered to help practitioners design better combinatorial auction environments. DEWEY : 658 ISSN : 0025-1909 En ligne : http://mansci.journal.informs.org/content/58/4/811.abstract
in Management science > Vol. 58 N° 4 (Avril 2012) . - pp. 831-842
Titre : Probability and time trade-off Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Manel Baucells, Auteur ; Franz H. Heukamp, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : pp. 831-842 Note générale : Management Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Risk preferences Time preferences Probability discount rate Subendurance Magnitude effect Psychological distance Résumé : Probability and time are integral dimensions of virtually any decision. To treat them together, we consider the prospect of receiving outcome x with a probability p at time t. We define risk and time distance, and show that if these two distances are traded off linearly, then preferences are characterized by three functions: a value function, a probability discount rate function, and a psychological distance function. The concavity of the psychological distance function explains the common ratio and common difference effects. A decreasing probability discount rate accounts for the magnitude effect. The discount rate and the risk premium depend on the shape of these three functions. DEWEY : 658 ISSN : 0025-1909 En ligne : http://mansci.journal.informs.org/content/58/4/831.abstract [article] Probability and time trade-off [texte imprimé] / Manel Baucells, Auteur ; Franz H. Heukamp, Auteur . - 2012 . - pp. 831-842.
Management
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Management science > Vol. 58 N° 4 (Avril 2012) . - pp. 831-842
Mots-clés : Risk preferences Time preferences Probability discount rate Subendurance Magnitude effect Psychological distance Résumé : Probability and time are integral dimensions of virtually any decision. To treat them together, we consider the prospect of receiving outcome x with a probability p at time t. We define risk and time distance, and show that if these two distances are traded off linearly, then preferences are characterized by three functions: a value function, a probability discount rate function, and a psychological distance function. The concavity of the psychological distance function explains the common ratio and common difference effects. A decreasing probability discount rate accounts for the magnitude effect. The discount rate and the risk premium depend on the shape of these three functions. DEWEY : 658 ISSN : 0025-1909 En ligne : http://mansci.journal.informs.org/content/58/4/831.abstract
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