Dépouillements

Computational fluid dynamics-based design optimization for an implantable miniature maglev pediatric ventricular assist device / Jingchun Wu in Transactions of the ASME . Journal of fluids engineering, Vol. 134 N° 4 (Avril 2012) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Transactions of the ASME . Journal of fluids engineering > Vol. 134 N° 4 (Avril 2012) . - 09 p. Titre : Computational fluid dynamics-based design optimization for an implantable miniature maglev pediatric ventricular assist device Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Jingchun Wu, Auteur ; James F. Antaki, Auteur ; Josiah Verkaik, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : 09 p. Note générale : Fluids engineering Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : pediatric  ventricular;  assist  device;  left  ventricular  assist  device  (LVAD);  Computational  fluid  dynamics;  optimization;  hemolysis;  radial  fluid  stiffness;  heat  transfer;  two-stage  impellers Index. décimale : 620.1 Essais des matériaux. Défauts des matériaux. Protection des matériaux Résumé : Computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-based design optimization was applied to achieve the finalized design of the PediaFlow® PF4, a magnetically levitated rotodynamic pediatric ventricular assist device. It features a streamlined blood-flow path with a single annular fluid passage between the rotor and the stationary housing. The resulting impeller is composed of a first-stage mixed-flow section having four blades at the conical nose region followed by a second-stage fully axial-flow section with three blades within the annular gap region. A stator with three inwardly-directed vanes is provided at the conical tail region to recover pressure and straighten the flow. CFD predictions of head and efficiency characteristics agreed remarkably well with the validation experimental data: with overprediction of head by <7 mmHg over the entire operational range and a slight overprediction in best efficiency by ~1%. The new optimized PF4 extended the maximum flow range of the previous PF3 device by more than 100% to over 2.3 liter per minute (LPM) for the same range of operating speeds, and doubled the maximum hydraulic efficiency to ~27%. Evaluation of hemolysis was performed by a Lagrangian particle-tracking technique with analysis of regional contributions to the overall blood damage. The simulation revealed that hemolysis increases with an increase in both the flow rate and rotor speed but not necessarily with just an increase in flow rate at a constant rotor speed. At the flow rate of 1.0 LPM and a head of 138 mmHg, PF4 has a hemolysis index of 0.0032 compared to 0.0058 produced by PF3 at the same flow rate with a head of 48 mmHg. Numerical simulation of radial fluid forces performed by the CFD model with an eccentric rotor revealed the presence of negative fluid stiffness that was monotonically related to both flow and speed. Finally, conjugate heat transfer analysis predicted temperature rise adjacent to the motor to be inversely proportional to the length, but not exceeding ~2 °C over the intended range of operation. In conclusion, CFD-based design optimization greatly expedited and facilitated the completion of the PediaFlow® flow path and contributed to the system−wide optimization to produce a miniature maglev pump with exceptional hemocompatibility. DEWEY : 620.1 ISSN : 0098-2202 En ligne : http://asmedl.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=JFEGA4000134000004 [...] [article] Computational fluid dynamics-based design optimization for an implantable miniature maglev pediatric ventricular assist device [texte imprimé] / Jingchun Wu, Auteur ; James F. Antaki, Auteur ; Josiah Verkaik, Auteur . - 2012 . - 09 p. Fluids engineering Langues : Anglais (eng) in Transactions of the ASME . Journal of fluids engineering > Vol. 134 N° 4 (Avril 2012) . - 09 p. Mots-clés : pediatric  ventricular;  assist  device;  left  ventricular  assist  device  (LVAD);  Computational  fluid  dynamics;  optimization;  hemolysis;  radial  fluid  stiffness;  heat  transfer;  two-stage  impellers Index. décimale : 620.1 Essais des matériaux. Défauts des matériaux. Protection des matériaux Résumé : Computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-based design optimization was applied to achieve the finalized design of the PediaFlow® PF4, a magnetically levitated rotodynamic pediatric ventricular assist device. It features a streamlined blood-flow path with a single annular fluid passage between the rotor and the stationary housing. The resulting impeller is composed of a first-stage mixed-flow section having four blades at the conical nose region followed by a second-stage fully axial-flow section with three blades within the annular gap region. A stator with three inwardly-directed vanes is provided at the conical tail region to recover pressure and straighten the flow. CFD predictions of head and efficiency characteristics agreed remarkably well with the validation experimental data: with overprediction of head by <7 mmHg over the entire operational range and a slight overprediction in best efficiency by ~1%. The new optimized PF4 extended the maximum flow range of the previous PF3 device by more than 100% to over 2.3 liter per minute (LPM) for the same range of operating speeds, and doubled the maximum hydraulic efficiency to ~27%. Evaluation of hemolysis was performed by a Lagrangian particle-tracking technique with analysis of regional contributions to the overall blood damage. The simulation revealed that hemolysis increases with an increase in both the flow rate and rotor speed but not necessarily with just an increase in flow rate at a constant rotor speed. At the flow rate of 1.0 LPM and a head of 138 mmHg, PF4 has a hemolysis index of 0.0032 compared to 0.0058 produced by PF3 at the same flow rate with a head of 48 mmHg. Numerical simulation of radial fluid forces performed by the CFD model with an eccentric rotor revealed the presence of negative fluid stiffness that was monotonically related to both flow and speed. Finally, conjugate heat transfer analysis predicted temperature rise adjacent to the motor to be inversely proportional to the length, but not exceeding ~2 °C over the intended range of operation. In conclusion, CFD-based design optimization greatly expedited and facilitated the completion of the PediaFlow® flow path and contributed to the system−wide optimization to produce a miniature maglev pump with exceptional hemocompatibility. DEWEY : 620.1 ISSN : 0098-2202 En ligne : http://asmedl.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=JFEGA4000134000004 [...]

Discharge imbalance mitigation in Francis turbine draft-tube bays / S. Tridon in Transactions of the ASME . Journal of fluids engineering, Vol. 134 N° 4 (Avril 2012) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Transactions of the ASME . Journal of fluids engineering > Vol. 134 N° 4 (Avril 2012) . - 08 p. Titre : Discharge imbalance mitigation in Francis turbine draft-tube bays Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : S. Tridon, Auteur ; S. Barre, Auteur ; G. Ciocan, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : 08 p. Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : draft-tube;  power  plant;  laser  doppler  velocimetry  (LDV)  measurements Index. décimale : 620.1 Essais des matériaux. Défauts des matériaux. Protection des matériaux Résumé : Rehabilitation of ageing power plant is a growing market with specific needs: we have to deal with non up-to-date elements in terms of hydraulic behavior. Refurbishment projects are often focused on the guide vane and runner modification. But for low-head refurbishment projects, the draft-tube is a non negligible part of the overall performance. In some cases, pathological draft-tubes have been encountered with a significant efficiency drop near the best efficiency point. Modification of the draft-tube in order to attenuate, and even eliminate, this effect can thus have a real impact on improving the performance of the power plant, and therefore become economically justified (that heavily depends on the addition or removal of material from the draft-tube walls). Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) measurements near draft-tube outlet have been achieved for both original and modified draft-tube. It offers 2D velocity profiles and permits to calculate discharge repartition in each bay. Pressure recovery factor measured separately for each bay is used to quantify losses. Note de contenu : Fluids engineering DEWEY : 620.1 ISSN : 0098-2202 En ligne : http://asmedl.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=JFEGA4000134000004 [...] [article] Discharge imbalance mitigation in Francis turbine draft-tube bays [texte imprimé] / S. Tridon, Auteur ; S. Barre, Auteur ; G. Ciocan, Auteur . - 2012 . - 08 p. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Transactions of the ASME . Journal of fluids engineering > Vol. 134 N° 4 (Avril 2012) . - 08 p. Mots-clés : draft-tube;  power  plant;  laser  doppler  velocimetry  (LDV)  measurements Index. décimale : 620.1 Essais des matériaux. Défauts des matériaux. Protection des matériaux Résumé : Rehabilitation of ageing power plant is a growing market with specific needs: we have to deal with non up-to-date elements in terms of hydraulic behavior. Refurbishment projects are often focused on the guide vane and runner modification. But for low-head refurbishment projects, the draft-tube is a non negligible part of the overall performance. In some cases, pathological draft-tubes have been encountered with a significant efficiency drop near the best efficiency point. Modification of the draft-tube in order to attenuate, and even eliminate, this effect can thus have a real impact on improving the performance of the power plant, and therefore become economically justified (that heavily depends on the addition or removal of material from the draft-tube walls). Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) measurements near draft-tube outlet have been achieved for both original and modified draft-tube. It offers 2D velocity profiles and permits to calculate discharge repartition in each bay. Pressure recovery factor measured separately for each bay is used to quantify losses. Note de contenu : Fluids engineering DEWEY : 620.1 ISSN : 0098-2202 En ligne : http://asmedl.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=JFEGA4000134000004 [...]

Internal flow and axial thrust balancing of a rocket pump / Takashi Shimura in Transactions of the ASME . Journal of fluids engineering, Vol. 134 N° 4 (Avril 2012) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Transactions of the ASME . Journal of fluids engineering > Vol. 134 N° 4 (Avril 2012) . - 08 p. Titre : Internal flow and axial thrust balancing of a rocket pump Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Takashi Shimura, Auteur ; Satoshi Kawasaki, Auteur ; Masaharu Uchiumi, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : 08 p. Note générale : fluids engineering Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : axial  thrust;  internal  flow;  rocket  engine  turbopump;  internal  flow  passage Index. décimale : 620.1 Essais des matériaux. Défauts des matériaux. Protection des matériaux Résumé : Large axial thrust is produced on the rotor assembly of high-pressure rocket pumps. Thus, to ensure the reliability of bearings supporting the high rotational speed rotor, precise axial thrust balancing is essential. To realize complete axial thrust balancing, the back shroud of the main impeller is employed as the balance piston of a self-balancing type axial thrust balancing system in which the rotor assembly moves axially to compensate unbalance axial force. In this balancing system, which is often applied, complicated internal flow characteristics and pressure distributions are very important for predicting the precise characteristics of the axial thrust produced by the system. In the present study, a calculation method for analyzing the internal flow system taking into account effects of boundary layer conditions and angular momentum change in the impeller side-chambers is applied to the system combining the balance piston and grooves on the casing wall of the balance piston chamber. The analysis program is able to detect phenomena which could not be captured in past calculations and is effective for calculating internal flow characteristics much faster than possible with CFD analysis. A combination of balance piston and grooves on the casing wall of the balance piston chamber was confirmed to be suitable for extending the dynamic range of axial thrust balancing although installation of the grooves increased the leakage flow rate and friction torque at the same time. DEWEY : 620.1 ISSN : 0098-2202 En ligne : http://asmedl.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=JFEGA4000134000004 [...] [article] Internal flow and axial thrust balancing of a rocket pump [texte imprimé] / Takashi Shimura, Auteur ; Satoshi Kawasaki, Auteur ; Masaharu Uchiumi, Auteur . - 2012 . - 08 p. fluids engineering Langues : Anglais (eng) in Transactions of the ASME . Journal of fluids engineering > Vol. 134 N° 4 (Avril 2012) . - 08 p. Mots-clés : axial  thrust;  internal  flow;  rocket  engine  turbopump;  internal  flow  passage Index. décimale : 620.1 Essais des matériaux. Défauts des matériaux. Protection des matériaux Résumé : Large axial thrust is produced on the rotor assembly of high-pressure rocket pumps. Thus, to ensure the reliability of bearings supporting the high rotational speed rotor, precise axial thrust balancing is essential. To realize complete axial thrust balancing, the back shroud of the main impeller is employed as the balance piston of a self-balancing type axial thrust balancing system in which the rotor assembly moves axially to compensate unbalance axial force. In this balancing system, which is often applied, complicated internal flow characteristics and pressure distributions are very important for predicting the precise characteristics of the axial thrust produced by the system. In the present study, a calculation method for analyzing the internal flow system taking into account effects of boundary layer conditions and angular momentum change in the impeller side-chambers is applied to the system combining the balance piston and grooves on the casing wall of the balance piston chamber. The analysis program is able to detect phenomena which could not be captured in past calculations and is effective for calculating internal flow characteristics much faster than possible with CFD analysis. A combination of balance piston and grooves on the casing wall of the balance piston chamber was confirmed to be suitable for extending the dynamic range of axial thrust balancing although installation of the grooves increased the leakage flow rate and friction torque at the same time. DEWEY : 620.1 ISSN : 0098-2202 En ligne : http://asmedl.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=JFEGA4000134000004 [...]

Numerical investigations of the gas flow inside the bassoon / Andreas Richter in Transactions of the ASME . Journal of fluids engineering, Vol. 134 N° 4 (Avril 2012) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Transactions of the ASME . Journal of fluids engineering > Vol. 134 N° 4 (Avril 2012) . - 10 p. Titre : Numerical investigations of the gas flow inside the bassoon Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Andreas Richter, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : 10 p. Note générale : fluids engineering Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : bassoon;  numerical  acoustics;  musical  acoustics;  aeroacoustics;  compressible  Navier-stokes  equations;  compressible  flow;  CFD;  finite  volume  method Index. décimale : 620.1 Essais des matériaux. Défauts des matériaux. Protection des matériaux Résumé : This work is devoted to the numerical investigation of the gas flow inside a bassoon while it is played. The digitized geometry for the simulations is taken from measurements using laser scan techniques in combination with image processing. Pressure time series measured at the bell and reed were used to define adequate boundaries. Additional pressure measurements inside the musical instrument helped to validate the calculations. With this approach, it was possible to model the characteristics of a bassoon which plays the lowest note. The results of the three-dimensional simulations showed that the acoustic velocities and the underlying mean flow exhibit the same order of magnitude. The calculations indicate that the flow in curved sections such as the crook and the 180 deg bend is considerably different from a steady-state flow. For example, in bends the time-averaged flow features chains of small, alternating vortex pairs, and the pressure distribution differs significantly from a plane wave solution. DEWEY : 620.1 ISSN : 0098-2202 En ligne : http://asmedl.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=JFEGA4000134000004 [...] [article] Numerical investigations of the gas flow inside the bassoon [texte imprimé] / Andreas Richter, Auteur . - 2012 . - 10 p. fluids engineering Langues : Anglais (eng) in Transactions of the ASME . Journal of fluids engineering > Vol. 134 N° 4 (Avril 2012) . - 10 p. Mots-clés : bassoon;  numerical  acoustics;  musical  acoustics;  aeroacoustics;  compressible  Navier-stokes  equations;  compressible  flow;  CFD;  finite  volume  method Index. décimale : 620.1 Essais des matériaux. Défauts des matériaux. Protection des matériaux Résumé : This work is devoted to the numerical investigation of the gas flow inside a bassoon while it is played. The digitized geometry for the simulations is taken from measurements using laser scan techniques in combination with image processing. Pressure time series measured at the bell and reed were used to define adequate boundaries. Additional pressure measurements inside the musical instrument helped to validate the calculations. With this approach, it was possible to model the characteristics of a bassoon which plays the lowest note. The results of the three-dimensional simulations showed that the acoustic velocities and the underlying mean flow exhibit the same order of magnitude. The calculations indicate that the flow in curved sections such as the crook and the 180 deg bend is considerably different from a steady-state flow. For example, in bends the time-averaged flow features chains of small, alternating vortex pairs, and the pressure distribution differs significantly from a plane wave solution. DEWEY : 620.1 ISSN : 0098-2202 En ligne : http://asmedl.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=JFEGA4000134000004 [...]

Numerical investigations of passive scalar transport in turbulent Taylor-couette flows / Yacine Salhi in Transactions of the ASME . Journal of fluids engineering, Vol. 134 N° 4 (Avril 2012) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Transactions of the ASME . Journal of fluids engineering > Vol. 134 N° 4 (Avril 2012) . - 10 p. Titre : Numerical investigations of passive scalar transport in turbulent Taylor-couette flows : large Eddy simulation versus direct numerical simulations Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Yacine Salhi, Auteur ; El-Khider Si-Ahmed, Auteur ; Gérard Degrez, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : 10 p. Note générale : fluids engineering Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : fluid  flow;  Taylor-couette  flow;  large  Eddy  simulation Index. décimale : 620.1 Essais des matériaux. Défauts des matériaux. Protection des matériaux Résumé : The highly turbulent flow occurring inside (electro)chemical reactors requires accurate simulation of scalar mixing if computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods are to be used with confidence in design. This has motivated the present paper, which describes the implementation of a passive scalar transport equation into a hybrid spectral/finite-element code. Direct numerical simulations (DNS) and large eddy simulation (LES) were performed to study the effects of gravitational and centrifugal potentials on the stability of incom-pressible Taylor-Couette flow. The flow is confined between two concentric cylinders with an inner rotating cylinder while the outer one is at rest. The Navier-Stokes equations with the uncoupled convection–diffusion–reaction (CDR) equation are solved using a code named spectral/finite element large eddy simulations (SFELES) which is based on spectral development in one direction combined with a finite element discretization in the remaining directions. The performance of the LES code is validated with published DNS data for channel flow. Velocity and scalar statistics showed good agreement between the current LES predictions and DNS data. Special attention was given to the flow field, in the vicinity of Reynolds number of 68.2 with radii ratio of 0.5. The effect of Sc on the concentration peak is pointed out while the magnitude of heat transfer shows a dependence of the Prandtl number with an exponent of 0.375. DEWEY : 620.1 ISSN : 0098-2202 En ligne : http://asmedl.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=JFEGA4000134000004 [...] [article] Numerical investigations of passive scalar transport in turbulent Taylor-couette flows : large Eddy simulation versus direct numerical simulations [texte imprimé] / Yacine Salhi, Auteur ; El-Khider Si-Ahmed, Auteur ; Gérard Degrez, Auteur . - 2012 . - 10 p. fluids engineering Langues : Anglais (eng) in Transactions of the ASME . Journal of fluids engineering > Vol. 134 N° 4 (Avril 2012) . - 10 p. Mots-clés : fluid  flow;  Taylor-couette  flow;  large  Eddy  simulation Index. décimale : 620.1 Essais des matériaux. Défauts des matériaux. Protection des matériaux Résumé : The highly turbulent flow occurring inside (electro)chemical reactors requires accurate simulation of scalar mixing if computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods are to be used with confidence in design. This has motivated the present paper, which describes the implementation of a passive scalar transport equation into a hybrid spectral/finite-element code. Direct numerical simulations (DNS) and large eddy simulation (LES) were performed to study the effects of gravitational and centrifugal potentials on the stability of incom-pressible Taylor-Couette flow. The flow is confined between two concentric cylinders with an inner rotating cylinder while the outer one is at rest. The Navier-Stokes equations with the uncoupled convection–diffusion–reaction (CDR) equation are solved using a code named spectral/finite element large eddy simulations (SFELES) which is based on spectral development in one direction combined with a finite element discretization in the remaining directions. The performance of the LES code is validated with published DNS data for channel flow. Velocity and scalar statistics showed good agreement between the current LES predictions and DNS data. Special attention was given to the flow field, in the vicinity of Reynolds number of 68.2 with radii ratio of 0.5. The effect of Sc on the concentration peak is pointed out while the magnitude of heat transfer shows a dependence of the Prandtl number with an exponent of 0.375. DEWEY : 620.1 ISSN : 0098-2202 En ligne : http://asmedl.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=JFEGA4000134000004 [...]

Peristaltic flow of a carreau fluid in a rectangular duct / S. Nadeem in Transactions of the ASME . Journal of fluids engineering, Vol. 134 N° 4 (Avril 2012) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Transactions of the ASME . Journal of fluids engineering > Vol. 134 N° 4 (Avril 2012) . - 07 p. Titre : Peristaltic flow of a carreau fluid in a rectangular duct Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : S. Nadeem, Auteur ; Safia Akram, Auteur ; Hayat, T., Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : 07 p. Note générale : fluids engineering Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : peristaltic  flow;  rectangular  duct;  carreau  fluid;  homotopy  perturbation  solution Index. décimale : 620.1 Essais des matériaux. Défauts des matériaux. Protection des matériaux Résumé : In the present investigation we have studied the peristaltic flow of a Carreau fluid in a rectangular duct. The flow is investigated in the wave frame of reference moving with the velocity c away from the fixed frame. The peristaltic wave propagating on the horizontal side walls of a rectangular duct is studied under long wave length and low Reynolds number approximation. The analytical solutions of velocity and pressure gradient have been found under lubrication approach with the help of Homotopy perturbation method. Graphical results are displayed to see the behavior of various emerging parameters of Carreau fluid. The comparison of the present work is also made with the existing literature. DEWEY : 620.1 ISSN : 0098-2202 En ligne : http://asmedl.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=JFEGA4000134000004 [...] [article] Peristaltic flow of a carreau fluid in a rectangular duct [texte imprimé] / S. Nadeem, Auteur ; Safia Akram, Auteur ; Hayat, T., Auteur . - 2012 . - 07 p. fluids engineering Langues : Anglais (eng) in Transactions of the ASME . Journal of fluids engineering > Vol. 134 N° 4 (Avril 2012) . - 07 p. Mots-clés : peristaltic  flow;  rectangular  duct;  carreau  fluid;  homotopy  perturbation  solution Index. décimale : 620.1 Essais des matériaux. Défauts des matériaux. Protection des matériaux Résumé : In the present investigation we have studied the peristaltic flow of a Carreau fluid in a rectangular duct. The flow is investigated in the wave frame of reference moving with the velocity c away from the fixed frame. The peristaltic wave propagating on the horizontal side walls of a rectangular duct is studied under long wave length and low Reynolds number approximation. The analytical solutions of velocity and pressure gradient have been found under lubrication approach with the help of Homotopy perturbation method. Graphical results are displayed to see the behavior of various emerging parameters of Carreau fluid. The comparison of the present work is also made with the existing literature. DEWEY : 620.1 ISSN : 0098-2202 En ligne : http://asmedl.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=JFEGA4000134000004 [...]

Numerical simulation of cavity shedding from a three-dimensional twisted hydrofoil and induced pressure fluctuation by large-Eddy simulation / Luo, Xianwu in Transactions of the ASME . Journal of fluids engineering, Vol. 134 N° 4 (Avril 2012) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Transactions of the ASME . Journal of fluids engineering > Vol. 134 N° 4 (Avril 2012) . - 10 p. Titre : Numerical simulation of cavity shedding from a three-dimensional twisted hydrofoil and induced pressure fluctuation by large-Eddy simulation Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Luo, Xianwu, Auteur ; Bin Ji, Auteur ; Xiaoxing Peng, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : 10 p. Note générale : fluids engineering Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : 3D  twisted  hydrofoil;  cavity  shedding;  unsteady  cavitating  flow;  large  Eddy  simulation  (LES) Index. décimale : 620.1 Essais des matériaux. Défauts des matériaux. Protection des matériaux Résumé : Simulation of cavity shedding around a three-dimensional twisted hydrofoil has been conducted by large eddy simulation coupling with a mass transfer cavitation model based on the Rayleigh-Plesset equation. From comparison of the numerical results with experimental observations, e.g., cavity shedding evolution, it is validated that the unsteady cavitating flow around a twisted hydrofoil is reasonably simulated by the proposed method. Numerical results clearly reproduce the cavity shedding process, such as cavity development, breaking-off and collapsing in the downstream. Regarding vapor shedding in the cavitating flow around three-dimensional foils, it is primarily attributed to the effect of the re-entrant flow consisting of a re-entrant jet and a pair of side-entrant jets. Formation of the re-entrant jet in the rear part of an attached cavity is affected by collapse of the last shedding vapor. Numerical results also show that the cavity shedding causes the surface pressure fluctuation of the hydrofoil and the force vibration. Accompanying the cavity evolution, the wave of pressure fluctuation propagates in two directions, namely, from the leading edge of the foil to the trailing edge and from the central plane to the side of the hydrofoil along the span. It is seen that the large pressure fluctuation occurs at the central part of the hydrofoil, where the flow incidence is larger. DEWEY : 620.1 ISSN : 0098-2202 En ligne : http://asmedl.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=JFEGA4000134000004 [...] [article] Numerical simulation of cavity shedding from a three-dimensional twisted hydrofoil and induced pressure fluctuation by large-Eddy simulation [texte imprimé] / Luo, Xianwu, Auteur ; Bin Ji, Auteur ; Xiaoxing Peng, Auteur . - 2012 . - 10 p. fluids engineering Langues : Anglais (eng) in Transactions of the ASME . Journal of fluids engineering > Vol. 134 N° 4 (Avril 2012) . - 10 p. Mots-clés : 3D  twisted  hydrofoil;  cavity  shedding;  unsteady  cavitating  flow;  large  Eddy  simulation  (LES) Index. décimale : 620.1 Essais des matériaux. Défauts des matériaux. Protection des matériaux Résumé : Simulation of cavity shedding around a three-dimensional twisted hydrofoil has been conducted by large eddy simulation coupling with a mass transfer cavitation model based on the Rayleigh-Plesset equation. From comparison of the numerical results with experimental observations, e.g., cavity shedding evolution, it is validated that the unsteady cavitating flow around a twisted hydrofoil is reasonably simulated by the proposed method. Numerical results clearly reproduce the cavity shedding process, such as cavity development, breaking-off and collapsing in the downstream. Regarding vapor shedding in the cavitating flow around three-dimensional foils, it is primarily attributed to the effect of the re-entrant flow consisting of a re-entrant jet and a pair of side-entrant jets. Formation of the re-entrant jet in the rear part of an attached cavity is affected by collapse of the last shedding vapor. Numerical results also show that the cavity shedding causes the surface pressure fluctuation of the hydrofoil and the force vibration. Accompanying the cavity evolution, the wave of pressure fluctuation propagates in two directions, namely, from the leading edge of the foil to the trailing edge and from the central plane to the side of the hydrofoil along the span. It is seen that the large pressure fluctuation occurs at the central part of the hydrofoil, where the flow incidence is larger. DEWEY : 620.1 ISSN : 0098-2202 En ligne : http://asmedl.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=JFEGA4000134000004 [...]

Mixing analysis in a lid-driven cavity flow at finite Reynolds numbers / Pradeep Rao in Transactions of the ASME . Journal of fluids engineering, Vol. 134 N° 4 (Avril 2012) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Transactions of the ASME . Journal of fluids engineering > Vol. 134 N° 4 (Avril 2012) . - 08 p. Titre : Mixing analysis in a lid-driven cavity flow at finite Reynolds numbers Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Pradeep Rao, Auteur ; Andrew Duggleby, Auteur ; Mark A. Stremler, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : 08 p. Note générale : fluids engineering Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : inertial  effects;  chaotic  advection;  lid-driven  cavity  flow Index. décimale : 620.1 Essais des matériaux. Défauts des matériaux. Protection des matériaux Résumé : The influence of inertial effects on chaotic advection and mixing is investigated for a two-dimensional, time-dependent lid-driven cavity flow. Previous work shows that this flow exhibits exponential stretching and folding of material lines due to the presence of figure-eight stirring patterns in the creeping flow regime. The high sensitivity to initial conditions and the exponential growth of errors in chaotic flows necessitate an accurate solution of the flow in order to calculate metrics based on Lagrangian particle tracking. The streamfunction-vorticity formulation of the Navier-Stokes equations is solved using a Fourier-Chebyshev spectral method, providing the necessary exponential convergence and machine-precision accuracy. Poincaré sections and mixing measures are used to analyze chaotic advection and quantify the mixing efficiency. The calculated mixing characteristics are almost identical for Re <= 1. For the time range investigated, the best mixing in this system is observed for Re = 10. Interestingly, increasing the Reynolds number to the range 10 < Re <= 100 results in an observed decrease in mixing efficacy. DEWEY : 620.1 ISSN : 0098-2202 En ligne : http://asmedl.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=JFEGA4000134000004 [...] [article] Mixing analysis in a lid-driven cavity flow at finite Reynolds numbers [texte imprimé] / Pradeep Rao, Auteur ; Andrew Duggleby, Auteur ; Mark A. Stremler, Auteur . - 2012 . - 08 p. fluids engineering Langues : Anglais (eng) in Transactions of the ASME . Journal of fluids engineering > Vol. 134 N° 4 (Avril 2012) . - 08 p. Mots-clés : inertial  effects;  chaotic  advection;  lid-driven  cavity  flow Index. décimale : 620.1 Essais des matériaux. Défauts des matériaux. Protection des matériaux Résumé : The influence of inertial effects on chaotic advection and mixing is investigated for a two-dimensional, time-dependent lid-driven cavity flow. Previous work shows that this flow exhibits exponential stretching and folding of material lines due to the presence of figure-eight stirring patterns in the creeping flow regime. The high sensitivity to initial conditions and the exponential growth of errors in chaotic flows necessitate an accurate solution of the flow in order to calculate metrics based on Lagrangian particle tracking. The streamfunction-vorticity formulation of the Navier-Stokes equations is solved using a Fourier-Chebyshev spectral method, providing the necessary exponential convergence and machine-precision accuracy. Poincaré sections and mixing measures are used to analyze chaotic advection and quantify the mixing efficiency. The calculated mixing characteristics are almost identical for Re <= 1. For the time range investigated, the best mixing in this system is observed for Re = 10. Interestingly, increasing the Reynolds number to the range 10 < Re <= 100 results in an observed decrease in mixing efficacy. DEWEY : 620.1 ISSN : 0098-2202 En ligne : http://asmedl.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=JFEGA4000134000004 [...]

Model of droplet impingement based on least-squares solution of proper orthogonal decomposition basis matrices / M. S. Hanchak in Transactions of the ASME . Journal of fluids engineering, Vol. 134 N° 4 (Avril 2012) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Transactions of the ASME . Journal of fluids engineering > Vol. 134 N° 4 (Avril 2012) . - 08 p. Titre : Model of droplet impingement based on least-squares solution of proper orthogonal decomposition basis matrices Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : M. S. Hanchak, Auteur ; L. W. Byrd, Auteur ; A. M. Briones, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : 08 p. Note générale : fluids engineering Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : droplet  impingement;  proper  orthogonal  decomposition;  singular  value  decomposition;  general  linear  model;  least-squares;  reduced-order  modeling Index. décimale : 620.1 Essais des matériaux. Défauts des matériaux. Protection des matériaux Résumé : A reduced order model of the surface profiles of droplets impinging on a flat surface is presented based on axisymmetric, transient computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The free surfaces resulting from the volume-of-fluid simulations were interpolated in polar coordinates and arranged as rectangular matrices (time versus space). Proper orthogonal decomposition was then used to expand the data into sets of temporal and spatial basis vectors, which were truncated beyond diminishing singular values. The reduced model is a general linear combination of constant matrices and dimensionless parameters that, when combined, recreate the temporal and spatial basis vectors for each case. The constant matrices were determined with a least-squares solution to the overdetermined linear combinations. To predict a new case, the initial Reynolds, Weber, and Ohnesorge numbers were combined with the calculated constant matrices to determine the new basis vectors, which were used to create the new free surface profile. A new case predicted by the model was validated using a CFD simulation. The single maximum error between the CFD profile and the general linear model was approximately 9% of the initial droplet diameter. The root-mean-squared error for the entire droplet motion was approximately 2% of the initial droplet diameter. DEWEY : 620.1 ISSN : 0098-2202 En ligne : http://asmedl.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=JFEGA4000134000004 [...] [article] Model of droplet impingement based on least-squares solution of proper orthogonal decomposition basis matrices [texte imprimé] / M. S. Hanchak, Auteur ; L. W. Byrd, Auteur ; A. M. Briones, Auteur . - 2012 . - 08 p. fluids engineering Langues : Anglais (eng) in Transactions of the ASME . Journal of fluids engineering > Vol. 134 N° 4 (Avril 2012) . - 08 p. Mots-clés : droplet  impingement;  proper  orthogonal  decomposition;  singular  value  decomposition;  general  linear  model;  least-squares;  reduced-order  modeling Index. décimale : 620.1 Essais des matériaux. Défauts des matériaux. Protection des matériaux Résumé : A reduced order model of the surface profiles of droplets impinging on a flat surface is presented based on axisymmetric, transient computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The free surfaces resulting from the volume-of-fluid simulations were interpolated in polar coordinates and arranged as rectangular matrices (time versus space). Proper orthogonal decomposition was then used to expand the data into sets of temporal and spatial basis vectors, which were truncated beyond diminishing singular values. The reduced model is a general linear combination of constant matrices and dimensionless parameters that, when combined, recreate the temporal and spatial basis vectors for each case. The constant matrices were determined with a least-squares solution to the overdetermined linear combinations. To predict a new case, the initial Reynolds, Weber, and Ohnesorge numbers were combined with the calculated constant matrices to determine the new basis vectors, which were used to create the new free surface profile. A new case predicted by the model was validated using a CFD simulation. The single maximum error between the CFD profile and the general linear model was approximately 9% of the initial droplet diameter. The root-mean-squared error for the entire droplet motion was approximately 2% of the initial droplet diameter. DEWEY : 620.1 ISSN : 0098-2202 En ligne : http://asmedl.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=JFEGA4000134000004 [...]

An experimental study of horizontal self-excited pneumatic conveying / Fei Yan in Transactions of the ASME . Journal of fluids engineering, Vol. 134 N° 4 (Avril 2012) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Transactions of the ASME . Journal of fluids engineering > Vol. 134 N° 4 (Avril 2012) . - 07 p. Titre : An experimental study of horizontal self-excited pneumatic conveying Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Fei Yan, Auteur ; Akira Rinoshika, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : 07 p. Note générale : fluids engineering Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : additional  pressure  drop;  minimum  conveying  velocity;  particle  flow  pattern;  particle  concentration;  pneumatic  conveying;  power  consumption;  pressure  drop;  soft  fin;  strouhal  number Index. décimale : 620.1 Essais des matériaux. Défauts des matériaux. Protection des matériaux Résumé : A new pneumatic conveying system that applies soft fins mounted vertically on a center plane of pipe in the inlet of the gas-particle mixture is developed to reduce power consumption and conveying velocity. The effect of different fin's lengths on a horizontal pneumatic conveying is experimentally studied in terms of the pressure drop, conveying velocity, power consumption, particle flow pattern, and additional pressure drop. The test pipeline consisted of a horizontal smooth acrylic tube with an inside diameter of 80 mm and a length of about 5 m. Two kinds of polyethylene particles with diameters of 2.3 mm and 3.3 mm are used as conveying materials. The superficial air velocity is varied from 10 to 17 m/s, and the solid mass flow rate is from 0.20 to 0.45 kg/s. Compared with conventional pneumatic conveying, the pressure drop, minimum and critical velocities, power consumption, and additional pressure drop can be reduced by using soft fins in a lower air velocity range, and the efficiency of fins becomes more evident when increasing the length of the fins or touching particles stream by the long fins. The maximum reduction rates of the minimum velocity and power consumption by using soft fins are about 20% and 31.5%, respectively. The particle concentrations of using fins are lower than those of non-fin near the bottom of the pipe and are higher than those of non-fin in the upper part of the pipe in the acceleration region. Based on analyzing the frequency features of the fin's oscillation, the Strouhal number of more efficient fins is about St [approximate] 0.75 in the air velocity range of lower than 13 m/s. DEWEY : 620.1 ISSN : 0098-2202 En ligne : http://asmedl.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=JFEGA4000134000004 [...] [article] An experimental study of horizontal self-excited pneumatic conveying [texte imprimé] / Fei Yan, Auteur ; Akira Rinoshika, Auteur . - 2012 . - 07 p. fluids engineering Langues : Anglais (eng) in Transactions of the ASME . Journal of fluids engineering > Vol. 134 N° 4 (Avril 2012) . - 07 p. Mots-clés : additional  pressure  drop;  minimum  conveying  velocity;  particle  flow  pattern;  particle  concentration;  pneumatic  conveying;  power  consumption;  pressure  drop;  soft  fin;  strouhal  number Index. décimale : 620.1 Essais des matériaux. Défauts des matériaux. Protection des matériaux Résumé : A new pneumatic conveying system that applies soft fins mounted vertically on a center plane of pipe in the inlet of the gas-particle mixture is developed to reduce power consumption and conveying velocity. The effect of different fin's lengths on a horizontal pneumatic conveying is experimentally studied in terms of the pressure drop, conveying velocity, power consumption, particle flow pattern, and additional pressure drop. The test pipeline consisted of a horizontal smooth acrylic tube with an inside diameter of 80 mm and a length of about 5 m. Two kinds of polyethylene particles with diameters of 2.3 mm and 3.3 mm are used as conveying materials. The superficial air velocity is varied from 10 to 17 m/s, and the solid mass flow rate is from 0.20 to 0.45 kg/s. Compared with conventional pneumatic conveying, the pressure drop, minimum and critical velocities, power consumption, and additional pressure drop can be reduced by using soft fins in a lower air velocity range, and the efficiency of fins becomes more evident when increasing the length of the fins or touching particles stream by the long fins. The maximum reduction rates of the minimum velocity and power consumption by using soft fins are about 20% and 31.5%, respectively. The particle concentrations of using fins are lower than those of non-fin near the bottom of the pipe and are higher than those of non-fin in the upper part of the pipe in the acceleration region. Based on analyzing the frequency features of the fin's oscillation, the Strouhal number of more efficient fins is about St [approximate] 0.75 in the air velocity range of lower than 13 m/s. DEWEY : 620.1 ISSN : 0098-2202 En ligne : http://asmedl.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=JFEGA4000134000004 [...]

Computational fluid dynamics modeling of Benjamin and Taylor bubbles in two-phase flow in pipes / M. Ramdin in Transactions of the ASME . Journal of fluids engineering, Vol. 134 N° 4 (Avril 2012) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Transactions of the ASME . Journal of fluids engineering > Vol. 134 N° 4 (Avril 2012) . - 08 p. Titre : Computational fluid dynamics modeling of Benjamin and Taylor bubbles in two-phase flow in pipes Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : M. Ramdin, Auteur ; Ruud Henkes, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : 08 p. Note générale : fluids engineering Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : three-dimensional  computational  fluid  dynamics  (CFD);  pipelines;  fluid  (VOF)  multiphase  model;  Benjamin  bubble;  Taylor  bubble;  nondimensionalization Index. décimale : 620.1 Essais des matériaux. Défauts des matériaux. Protection des matériaux Résumé : There is an increasing interest in applying three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for multiphase flow transport in pipelines, e.g., in the oil and gas industry. In this study, the volume of fluid (VOF) multiphase model in a commercial CFD code was used to benchmark the capabilities. Two basic flow structures, namely, the Benjamin bubble and the Taylor bubble, are considered. These two structures are closely related to the slug flow regime, which is a common flow pattern encountered in multiphase transport pipelines. After nondimensionalization, the scaled bubble velocity (Froude number) is only dependent on the Reynolds number and on the Eötvös number, which represent the effect of viscosity and surface tension, respectively. Simulations were made for a range of Reynolds numbers and Eötvös numbers (including the limits of vanishing viscosity and surface tension), and the results were compared with the existing experiments and analytical expressions. Overall, there is very good agreement. An exception is the simulation for the 2D Benjamin bubble at a low Eötvös number (i.e., large surface tension effect) which deviates from the experiments, even at a refined numerical grid. DEWEY : 620.1 ISSN : 0098-2202 En ligne : http://asmedl.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=JFEGA4000134000004 [...] [article] Computational fluid dynamics modeling of Benjamin and Taylor bubbles in two-phase flow in pipes [texte imprimé] / M. Ramdin, Auteur ; Ruud Henkes, Auteur . - 2012 . - 08 p. fluids engineering Langues : Anglais (eng) in Transactions of the ASME . Journal of fluids engineering > Vol. 134 N° 4 (Avril 2012) . - 08 p. Mots-clés : three-dimensional  computational  fluid  dynamics  (CFD);  pipelines;  fluid  (VOF)  multiphase  model;  Benjamin  bubble;  Taylor  bubble;  nondimensionalization Index. décimale : 620.1 Essais des matériaux. Défauts des matériaux. Protection des matériaux Résumé : There is an increasing interest in applying three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for multiphase flow transport in pipelines, e.g., in the oil and gas industry. In this study, the volume of fluid (VOF) multiphase model in a commercial CFD code was used to benchmark the capabilities. Two basic flow structures, namely, the Benjamin bubble and the Taylor bubble, are considered. These two structures are closely related to the slug flow regime, which is a common flow pattern encountered in multiphase transport pipelines. After nondimensionalization, the scaled bubble velocity (Froude number) is only dependent on the Reynolds number and on the Eötvös number, which represent the effect of viscosity and surface tension, respectively. Simulations were made for a range of Reynolds numbers and Eötvös numbers (including the limits of vanishing viscosity and surface tension), and the results were compared with the existing experiments and analytical expressions. Overall, there is very good agreement. An exception is the simulation for the 2D Benjamin bubble at a low Eötvös number (i.e., large surface tension effect) which deviates from the experiments, even at a refined numerical grid. DEWEY : 620.1 ISSN : 0098-2202 En ligne : http://asmedl.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=JFEGA4000134000004 [...]

Numerical analysis of droplet dynamics under different temperature and cross-flow velocity conditions / Manabendra Pathak in Transactions of the ASME . Journal of fluids engineering, Vol. 134 N° 4 (Avril 2012) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Transactions of the ASME . Journal of fluids engineering > Vol. 134 N° 4 (Avril 2012) . - 06 p. Titre : Numerical analysis of droplet dynamics under different temperature and cross-flow velocity conditions Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Manabendra Pathak, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : 06 p. Note générale : fluids engineering Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : single  liquid  droplet  formation;  cross-flow  velocities;  cross-flow  temperature Index. décimale : 620.1 Essais des matériaux. Défauts des matériaux. Protection des matériaux Résumé : Numerical investigations have been performed to investigate the dynamics of a single liquid droplet formation in another immiscible cross-flow liquid for different values of cross-flow velocities and temperature difference between the two phases. The transient growth of the droplet and detachment time have been calculated by solving Navier-Stokes equation for two-phase flow using coupled level-set and volume of fluid method. The effect of temperature on surface tension has been incorporated in numerical simulation by modeling the surface tension as a linear function of temperature. The effects of cross-flow velocity and temperature in the evolution and detachment of the droplet have been investigated from the balance of different forces acting on the system. With the increase in cross-flow velocity, the diameter of the droplet decreases and droplet detachment time increases. While with the increase in cross-flow temperature, both the diameter and detachment time decreases. DEWEY : 620.1 ISSN : 0098-2202 En ligne : http://asmedl.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=JFEGA4000134000004 [...] [article] Numerical analysis of droplet dynamics under different temperature and cross-flow velocity conditions [texte imprimé] / Manabendra Pathak, Auteur . - 2012 . - 06 p. fluids engineering Langues : Anglais (eng) in Transactions of the ASME . Journal of fluids engineering > Vol. 134 N° 4 (Avril 2012) . - 06 p. Mots-clés : single  liquid  droplet  formation;  cross-flow  velocities;  cross-flow  temperature Index. décimale : 620.1 Essais des matériaux. Défauts des matériaux. Protection des matériaux Résumé : Numerical investigations have been performed to investigate the dynamics of a single liquid droplet formation in another immiscible cross-flow liquid for different values of cross-flow velocities and temperature difference between the two phases. The transient growth of the droplet and detachment time have been calculated by solving Navier-Stokes equation for two-phase flow using coupled level-set and volume of fluid method. The effect of temperature on surface tension has been incorporated in numerical simulation by modeling the surface tension as a linear function of temperature. The effects of cross-flow velocity and temperature in the evolution and detachment of the droplet have been investigated from the balance of different forces acting on the system. With the increase in cross-flow velocity, the diameter of the droplet decreases and droplet detachment time increases. While with the increase in cross-flow temperature, both the diameter and detachment time decreases. DEWEY : 620.1 ISSN : 0098-2202 En ligne : http://asmedl.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=JFEGA4000134000004 [...]

Thin-film flow of a power-law fluid down an inclined plane / A. Ganguly in Transactions of the ASME . Journal of fluids engineering, Vol. 134 N° 4 (Avril 2012) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Transactions of the ASME . Journal of fluids engineering > Vol. 134 N° 4 (Avril 2012) . - 05 p. Titre : Thin-film flow of a power-law fluid down an inclined plane Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : A. Ganguly, Auteur ; M. Reza, Auteur ; A. S. Gupta, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : 05 p. Note générale : fluids engineering Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : thin-film  flow;  power-law  fluid;  pseudoplastic;  dilatant Résumé : An analysis is presented for two-dimensional flow of a thin layer of power-law fluid down an inclined plane. Integration of the equations of motion using lubrication approximations shows that for both pseudoplastic and dilatant fluids, the rate of advance of a blob of fluid of given volume decreases with increasing time. The analysis further reveals that for dimensionless time less than about 0.50, a blob of the fluid (of fixed volume) with given exponent n moves faster than a fluid of same volume with larger n. However, thereafter, a blob of the latter fluid moves faster than the former fluid. DEWEY : 620.1 ISSN : 0098-2202 En ligne : http://asmedl.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=JFEGA4000134000004 [...] [article] Thin-film flow of a power-law fluid down an inclined plane [texte imprimé] / A. Ganguly, Auteur ; M. Reza, Auteur ; A. S. Gupta, Auteur . - 2012 . - 05 p. fluids engineering Langues : Anglais (eng) in Transactions of the ASME . Journal of fluids engineering > Vol. 134 N° 4 (Avril 2012) . - 05 p. Mots-clés : thin-film  flow;  power-law  fluid;  pseudoplastic;  dilatant Résumé : An analysis is presented for two-dimensional flow of a thin layer of power-law fluid down an inclined plane. Integration of the equations of motion using lubrication approximations shows that for both pseudoplastic and dilatant fluids, the rate of advance of a blob of fluid of given volume decreases with increasing time. The analysis further reveals that for dimensionless time less than about 0.50, a blob of the fluid (of fixed volume) with given exponent n moves faster than a fluid of same volume with larger n. However, thereafter, a blob of the latter fluid moves faster than the former fluid. DEWEY : 620.1 ISSN : 0098-2202 En ligne : http://asmedl.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=JFEGA4000134000004 [...]

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