Dépouillements

Using operations research to optimise operation of the Norwegian natural gas system / Vibeke Stærkebye Nørstebø in Journal of natural gas science and engineering, Vol. 2 N° 4 (Septembre 2010) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 2 N° 4 (Septembre 2010) . - pp. 153–162 Titre : Using operations research to optimise operation of the Norwegian natural gas system Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Vibeke Stærkebye Nørstebø, Auteur ; Frode Rømo, Auteur ; Lars Hellemo, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : pp. 153–162 Note générale : Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Natural  gas  Network  transportation  Energy  Mixed-integer  programming  Optimisation  Decision  support  system Résumé : Decisions regarding natural gas production, processing and transportation depend on each other, and knowledge about how partial changes in a gas transmission network influence the network capacity and flexibility is crucial in ensuring efficient system operation. SINTEF has developed a decision support tool, GassOpt, which is based on mixed-integer optimisation. The model objective is to maximise the flow throughput or profit for a given technical state of a natural gas network. The objective of this work has been to develop extensions to the GassOpt model mainly related to modelling of gas processing and energy consumption related to compression, and to analyse their impact on network operation. The extended GassOpt model represents and analyses a gas transport network in more detail, in particular in discovering bottlenecks, related to gas quality, contaminants and energy efficiency, which have obtained increased focus in recent time. GassOpt is a general tool for gas network optimisation, but applied on the Norwegian gas transport network specifically. The GassOpt tool is used to evaluate the current network as well as possible network extensions. Our approach ensures optimal operation of the network by considering the complete system and provides valuable insights in the dependencies between the different parts of the system. Tests show that the model represents actual network operation in a very good way. ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875510010000351 [article] Using operations research to optimise operation of the Norwegian natural gas system [texte imprimé] / Vibeke Stærkebye Nørstebø, Auteur ; Frode Rømo, Auteur ; Lars Hellemo, Auteur . - 2012 . - pp. 153–162. Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 2 N° 4 (Septembre 2010) . - pp. 153–162 Mots-clés : Natural  gas  Network  transportation  Energy  Mixed-integer  programming  Optimisation  Decision  support  system Résumé : Decisions regarding natural gas production, processing and transportation depend on each other, and knowledge about how partial changes in a gas transmission network influence the network capacity and flexibility is crucial in ensuring efficient system operation. SINTEF has developed a decision support tool, GassOpt, which is based on mixed-integer optimisation. The model objective is to maximise the flow throughput or profit for a given technical state of a natural gas network. The objective of this work has been to develop extensions to the GassOpt model mainly related to modelling of gas processing and energy consumption related to compression, and to analyse their impact on network operation. The extended GassOpt model represents and analyses a gas transport network in more detail, in particular in discovering bottlenecks, related to gas quality, contaminants and energy efficiency, which have obtained increased focus in recent time. GassOpt is a general tool for gas network optimisation, but applied on the Norwegian gas transport network specifically. The GassOpt tool is used to evaluate the current network as well as possible network extensions. Our approach ensures optimal operation of the network by considering the complete system and provides valuable insights in the dependencies between the different parts of the system. Tests show that the model represents actual network operation in a very good way. ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875510010000351

A new approach to investigate hydrate deposition in gas-dominated flowlines / Esam Jassim in Journal of natural gas science and engineering, Vol. 2 N° 4 (Septembre 2010) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 2 N° 4 (Septembre 2010) . - pp. 163–177 Titre : A new approach to investigate hydrate deposition in gas-dominated flowlines Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Esam Jassim, Auteur ; M. Abedinzadegan Abdi, Auteur ; Y. Muzychka, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : pp. 163–177 Note générale : Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Natural  gas  Deposition  CFD  Hydrate  formation Résumé : A new model describing the mechanism of the hydrate deposition based on the most recent particle dynamics theories is developed. The model splits the motion of the particle into two main regions: the turbulent and the sublayer regions. A novel approach is used to define the particle migration and attachment in the sublayer region. Depending on the ratio of the particle diameter relative to the thickness of the sublayer, the particle will either travel as a result of the force balance acting on the particle (lift, adhesion, gravity, and drag) or as it may experience bouncing process. The proposed model employs the following three main components to simulate the hydrate deposition: (a) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technique is used to configure the flow field; (b) nucleation and growth models are incorporated in the simulation to predict the incipient hydrate particles size and growth rate; and finally (c) a novel approach of particle migration and deposition is used to determine how particles deposit and adhere to the walls of flow conduit. The results predicted by the model show that the distance of the deposition decreases as the particle size increases. However, after certain size of particle, there is no impact on the deposition distance. This critical particle size is called “deposition critical size”. The experimental tests are shown to be in good agreement with the model predictions in terms of the following criteria: 1) Formation of hydrate particles are observed to be poly-dispersed since different sizes of particles are formed; 2) Studying the influence of the Reynolds number and pipe diameter, the deposition distance is found to be linearly corresponded to both. ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875510010000363 [article] A new approach to investigate hydrate deposition in gas-dominated flowlines [texte imprimé] / Esam Jassim, Auteur ; M. Abedinzadegan Abdi, Auteur ; Y. Muzychka, Auteur . - 2012 . - pp. 163–177. Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 2 N° 4 (Septembre 2010) . - pp. 163–177 Mots-clés : Natural  gas  Deposition  CFD  Hydrate  formation Résumé : A new model describing the mechanism of the hydrate deposition based on the most recent particle dynamics theories is developed. The model splits the motion of the particle into two main regions: the turbulent and the sublayer regions. A novel approach is used to define the particle migration and attachment in the sublayer region. Depending on the ratio of the particle diameter relative to the thickness of the sublayer, the particle will either travel as a result of the force balance acting on the particle (lift, adhesion, gravity, and drag) or as it may experience bouncing process. The proposed model employs the following three main components to simulate the hydrate deposition: (a) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technique is used to configure the flow field; (b) nucleation and growth models are incorporated in the simulation to predict the incipient hydrate particles size and growth rate; and finally (c) a novel approach of particle migration and deposition is used to determine how particles deposit and adhere to the walls of flow conduit. The results predicted by the model show that the distance of the deposition decreases as the particle size increases. However, after certain size of particle, there is no impact on the deposition distance. This critical particle size is called “deposition critical size”. The experimental tests are shown to be in good agreement with the model predictions in terms of the following criteria: 1) Formation of hydrate particles are observed to be poly-dispersed since different sizes of particles are formed; 2) Studying the influence of the Reynolds number and pipe diameter, the deposition distance is found to be linearly corresponded to both. ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875510010000363

Landing string design and strength check in ultra-deepwater condition / Zhang Hui in Journal of natural gas science and engineering, Vol. 2 N° 4 (Septembre 2010) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 2 N° 4 (Septembre 2010) . - pp.178–182 Titre : Landing string design and strength check in ultra-deepwater condition Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Zhang Hui, Auteur ; Gao Deli, Auteur ; Tang Haixiong, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : pp.178–182 Note générale : Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Ultra-deepwater  drilling  Landing  string  design  Strength  check  Bending  stress  Dynamic  load Résumé : Landing string used in ultra-deepwater casing running operations sustains complicated loads, including axial load, slip crushing load, bending load and dynamic load. Landing string design methods based on tension load are presented in detail. In these methods, sufficient margin of over pull is taken into account for the extreme axial load during surface casing running operations and environment loads caused by wave, current and vessel offset and heave. Landing string strength check is discussed to evaluate the safety of landing string in harsh environment. According to the analysis, slip crushing capacity is one of the critical limitations for landing string; bending stress caused by currents is great at the top of landing string at the beginning of operations while it will decrease by adjusting the vessel position after setting the casing below mud line. ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875510010000375 [article] Landing string design and strength check in ultra-deepwater condition [texte imprimé] / Zhang Hui, Auteur ; Gao Deli, Auteur ; Tang Haixiong, Auteur . - 2012 . - pp.178–182. Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 2 N° 4 (Septembre 2010) . - pp.178–182 Mots-clés : Ultra-deepwater  drilling  Landing  string  design  Strength  check  Bending  stress  Dynamic  load Résumé : Landing string used in ultra-deepwater casing running operations sustains complicated loads, including axial load, slip crushing load, bending load and dynamic load. Landing string design methods based on tension load are presented in detail. In these methods, sufficient margin of over pull is taken into account for the extreme axial load during surface casing running operations and environment loads caused by wave, current and vessel offset and heave. Landing string strength check is discussed to evaluate the safety of landing string in harsh environment. According to the analysis, slip crushing capacity is one of the critical limitations for landing string; bending stress caused by currents is great at the top of landing string at the beginning of operations while it will decrease by adjusting the vessel position after setting the casing below mud line. ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875510010000375

The impact of process design decisions on operability and control of an LNG process / Finn Are Michelsen in Journal of natural gas science and engineering, Vol. 2 N° 4 (Septembre 2010) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 2 N° 4 (Septembre 2010) . - pp. 183–191 Titre : The impact of process design decisions on operability and control of an LNG process Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Finn Are Michelsen, Auteur ; Ivar Johan Halvorsen, Auteur ; Berit Floor Lund, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : pp. 183–191 Note générale : Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Process  design  Process  control  Optimization  Control  structure  Natural  gas  processing  LNG Résumé : This paper describes a framework for integrated process and control structure design, and applies this framework to a Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) process design. The overall aim of the work is to contribute to the methodological basis for improved design and operability of gas processing plants. Good operability means essentially that a plant can be operated easily, i.e. it can cope with unknown disturbances, offsets and other uncertainties with the smallest possible profit loss and without frequent shutdowns. This is obtained both through the design of the process itself and the design of the control system. There is a potential for improved operability of process plants, and thereby reduced profit loss, by considering these two aspects together. The main message is that this is handled by considering control structure design when process design changes are made. The main steps for developing an improved procedure for integrated process and control design are suggested. Such a procedure includes analyses of how altering key parameters in the process design affects the best possible control structure in the presence of defined disturbance scenarios. An important ingredient is the use of a dynamic, control relevant simulation model. The paper presents an analysis of how altering compressor size affects the choice of control structure for the Tealarc LNG process. This analysis has been carried out using a self-optimizing control methodology. ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875510010000387 [article] The impact of process design decisions on operability and control of an LNG process [texte imprimé] / Finn Are Michelsen, Auteur ; Ivar Johan Halvorsen, Auteur ; Berit Floor Lund, Auteur . - 2012 . - pp. 183–191. Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 2 N° 4 (Septembre 2010) . - pp. 183–191 Mots-clés : Process  design  Process  control  Optimization  Control  structure  Natural  gas  processing  LNG Résumé : This paper describes a framework for integrated process and control structure design, and applies this framework to a Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) process design. The overall aim of the work is to contribute to the methodological basis for improved design and operability of gas processing plants. Good operability means essentially that a plant can be operated easily, i.e. it can cope with unknown disturbances, offsets and other uncertainties with the smallest possible profit loss and without frequent shutdowns. This is obtained both through the design of the process itself and the design of the control system. There is a potential for improved operability of process plants, and thereby reduced profit loss, by considering these two aspects together. The main message is that this is handled by considering control structure design when process design changes are made. The main steps for developing an improved procedure for integrated process and control design are suggested. Such a procedure includes analyses of how altering key parameters in the process design affects the best possible control structure in the presence of defined disturbance scenarios. An important ingredient is the use of a dynamic, control relevant simulation model. The paper presents an analysis of how altering compressor size affects the choice of control structure for the Tealarc LNG process. This analysis has been carried out using a self-optimizing control methodology. ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875510010000387

Industrial hydrogen production and CO2 management / Alireza Behroozsarand in Journal of natural gas science and engineering, Vol. 2 N° 4 (Septembre 2010) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 2 N° 4 (Septembre 2010) . - pp. 192–196 Titre : Industrial hydrogen production and CO2 management Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Alireza Behroozsarand, Auteur ; Akbar Zamaniyan, Auteur ; Hadi Ebrahimi, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : pp. 192–196 Note générale : Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Natural  gas  CO2  Reformer  Methanator  Shift  converter  Amine  unit Résumé : Natural gas and hydrocarbons obtained from several refinery units are good source of hydrogen. A well known process of hydrogen production in the refinery is simulated here with versatile analysis of unfavorable carbon dioxide (CO2) produced besides hydrogen. A new method for removing the CO2 is presented after the complete simulation. The results show that a unit such as syngas could be added to the process for managing CO2. ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875510010000491 [article] Industrial hydrogen production and CO2 management [texte imprimé] / Alireza Behroozsarand, Auteur ; Akbar Zamaniyan, Auteur ; Hadi Ebrahimi, Auteur . - 2012 . - pp. 192–196. Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 2 N° 4 (Septembre 2010) . - pp. 192–196 Mots-clés : Natural  gas  CO2  Reformer  Methanator  Shift  converter  Amine  unit Résumé : Natural gas and hydrocarbons obtained from several refinery units are good source of hydrogen. A well known process of hydrogen production in the refinery is simulated here with versatile analysis of unfavorable carbon dioxide (CO2) produced besides hydrogen. A new method for removing the CO2 is presented after the complete simulation. The results show that a unit such as syngas could be added to the process for managing CO2. ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875510010000491

Development of anisotropic permeability during coalbed methane production / Yu Wu in Journal of natural gas science and engineering, Vol. 2 N° 4 (Septembre 2010) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 2 N° 4 (Septembre 2010) . - pp. 197–210 Titre : Development of anisotropic permeability during coalbed methane production Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Yu Wu, Auteur ; Jishan Liu, Auteur ; Elsworth, Derek, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : pp. 197–210 Note générale : Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : CBM  Dual  poroelasticity  Directional  permeability  Numerical  modelling Résumé : Although coal–gas interactions have been comprehensively investigated, prior studies have focused on one or more component processes of effective stress in driving only isotropic changes in coal permeability. In our previous work (Wu et al., 2009) a general porosity and permeability model was developed to represent the behavior of both the primary medium (coal matrix) and the secondary medium (fractures) under conditions of variable stress. In this study the permeability model is extended to define the evolution of gas sorption-induced permeability anisotropy under the full spectrum of mechanical conditions spanning prescribed in situ stresses through constrained displacement. These models are implemented into a fully coupled model of coal deformation, gas flow and transport in the matrix system, and gas flow and transport in the fracture system. The model separately accommodates compressible gas flow and transport in the coal matrix and fracture systems and rigorously accommodates the role of mechanical deformations for a dual-porosity continuum. Since mechanical interactions and the role of sorption-induced strains are rigorously accommodated, these micro-mechanical models are capable of following the evolution of porosity and permeability in both the coal matrix and the fracture network. This model represents important non-linear responses due to the effective stress effects that cannot be recovered where mechanical influences are not rigorously coupled with the transport system. The permeability model for fractures is verified against the analytical solution for a constant volume reservoir and applied to successfully match a suite of field data from the San Juan Basin. The fully coupled model for coal deformation and gas flow has been applied to quantify the impacts of fracture spacing and in situ ground stresses on coal properties and active processes: those involving shrinkage, swelling and direct changes in effective stress. Model results demonstrate the complex interactions of fracture–matrix induced by CBM production. ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875510010000508 [article] Development of anisotropic permeability during coalbed methane production [texte imprimé] / Yu Wu, Auteur ; Jishan Liu, Auteur ; Elsworth, Derek, Auteur . - 2012 . - pp. 197–210. Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 2 N° 4 (Septembre 2010) . - pp. 197–210 Mots-clés : CBM  Dual  poroelasticity  Directional  permeability  Numerical  modelling Résumé : Although coal–gas interactions have been comprehensively investigated, prior studies have focused on one or more component processes of effective stress in driving only isotropic changes in coal permeability. In our previous work (Wu et al., 2009) a general porosity and permeability model was developed to represent the behavior of both the primary medium (coal matrix) and the secondary medium (fractures) under conditions of variable stress. In this study the permeability model is extended to define the evolution of gas sorption-induced permeability anisotropy under the full spectrum of mechanical conditions spanning prescribed in situ stresses through constrained displacement. These models are implemented into a fully coupled model of coal deformation, gas flow and transport in the matrix system, and gas flow and transport in the fracture system. The model separately accommodates compressible gas flow and transport in the coal matrix and fracture systems and rigorously accommodates the role of mechanical deformations for a dual-porosity continuum. Since mechanical interactions and the role of sorption-induced strains are rigorously accommodated, these micro-mechanical models are capable of following the evolution of porosity and permeability in both the coal matrix and the fracture network. This model represents important non-linear responses due to the effective stress effects that cannot be recovered where mechanical influences are not rigorously coupled with the transport system. The permeability model for fractures is verified against the analytical solution for a constant volume reservoir and applied to successfully match a suite of field data from the San Juan Basin. The fully coupled model for coal deformation and gas flow has been applied to quantify the impacts of fracture spacing and in situ ground stresses on coal properties and active processes: those involving shrinkage, swelling and direct changes in effective stress. Model results demonstrate the complex interactions of fracture–matrix induced by CBM production. ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875510010000508

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