Dépouillements

First step in optimizing LNG storages for offshore terminals / Yacine Zellouf in Journal of natural gas science and engineering, Vol. 3 N° 5 (Octobre 2011) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 3 N° 5 (Octobre 2011) . - pp. 582–590 Titre : First step in optimizing LNG storages for offshore terminals Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Yacine Zellouf, Auteur ; Benoît Portannier, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : pp. 582–590 Note générale : Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : LNG  FLNG  FSRU  Offshore  Storage  Boil-Off  Gas  (BOG)  Re-condensation  Mixing  Stratification  Rollover Résumé : The development of new LNG offshore facilities addresses new technical challenges that need to be deeply investigated to overcome the new constraints raised from the offshore operability. One of the key issues concerns the management of LNG storages. As future offshore LNG projects could be implemented in areas with harsh environmental conditions, the motions of the floating structure combined to the design and operating parameters should widely affect the behavior of the LNG inside partially filled tanks. Therefore, the knowledge available from onshore LNG storages has to be completed taking into account the offshore environment. The first concern deals with the production of Boil-Off Gas (BOG) during LNG’s unloading and storage operations under offshore conditions, where specific offshore parameters would contribute in increasing the production of BOG. For that purpose, a new optimized LNG storage process based on an increased operating pressure (P = 500 mbarg) in the TRITON FSRU’s tanks has been investigated during LNG’s unloading and storage operations with LNG emission. It mainly showed that by operating at 500 mbarg, the production of BOG is nearly 4 times reduced during unloading operations compared to LNG carrier standard operating pressure (100 mbarg) and nearly suppressed during the storage phase. The second concern deals with managing the rollover risk under offshore conditions. In this context, GDF SUEZ performed a pioneer qualitative assessment to highlight the impact of the liquid motion on the rollover mechanisms in the TRITON FSRU’s tanks. The liquid motion completely modifies the mixing mechanisms in LNG stratified layers. The mixing is no longer governed by the molecular diffusion induced by the thermal effects but by the dynamic flow effects induced by the fluid wave movement into the layers. Moreover, this assessment showed that the time needed for a stratification to evolve up to a complete mix is severely reduced compared to the onshore LNG storage while the assessment of the induced BOG peak depends as usual on the energy stored in the stratification when being mixed and could be of the same order of magnitude as for onshore rollover. ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875510011000813 [article] First step in optimizing LNG storages for offshore terminals [texte imprimé] / Yacine Zellouf, Auteur ; Benoît Portannier, Auteur . - 2012 . - pp. 582–590. Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 3 N° 5 (Octobre 2011) . - pp. 582–590 Mots-clés : LNG  FLNG  FSRU  Offshore  Storage  Boil-Off  Gas  (BOG)  Re-condensation  Mixing  Stratification  Rollover Résumé : The development of new LNG offshore facilities addresses new technical challenges that need to be deeply investigated to overcome the new constraints raised from the offshore operability. One of the key issues concerns the management of LNG storages. As future offshore LNG projects could be implemented in areas with harsh environmental conditions, the motions of the floating structure combined to the design and operating parameters should widely affect the behavior of the LNG inside partially filled tanks. Therefore, the knowledge available from onshore LNG storages has to be completed taking into account the offshore environment. The first concern deals with the production of Boil-Off Gas (BOG) during LNG’s unloading and storage operations under offshore conditions, where specific offshore parameters would contribute in increasing the production of BOG. For that purpose, a new optimized LNG storage process based on an increased operating pressure (P = 500 mbarg) in the TRITON FSRU’s tanks has been investigated during LNG’s unloading and storage operations with LNG emission. It mainly showed that by operating at 500 mbarg, the production of BOG is nearly 4 times reduced during unloading operations compared to LNG carrier standard operating pressure (100 mbarg) and nearly suppressed during the storage phase. The second concern deals with managing the rollover risk under offshore conditions. In this context, GDF SUEZ performed a pioneer qualitative assessment to highlight the impact of the liquid motion on the rollover mechanisms in the TRITON FSRU’s tanks. The liquid motion completely modifies the mixing mechanisms in LNG stratified layers. The mixing is no longer governed by the molecular diffusion induced by the thermal effects but by the dynamic flow effects induced by the fluid wave movement into the layers. Moreover, this assessment showed that the time needed for a stratification to evolve up to a complete mix is severely reduced compared to the onshore LNG storage while the assessment of the induced BOG peak depends as usual on the energy stored in the stratification when being mixed and could be of the same order of magnitude as for onshore rollover. ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875510011000813

Development of compact and efficient hydrogen production module with membrane on catalyst / Takao Kume in Journal of natural gas science and engineering, Vol. 3 N° 5 (Octobre 2011) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 3 N° 5 (Octobre 2011) . - pp. 591–600 Titre : Development of compact and efficient hydrogen production module with membrane on catalyst Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Takao Kume, Auteur ; Yoichi Ikeda, Auteur ; Yuki Nakagawa, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : pp. 591–600 Note générale : Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Membrane  reformer  Natural  gas  reforming  Hydrogen  production  Pd–Ag  membrane Résumé : A new module of Pd-based membrane on catalyst (MOC) for hydrogen production has been developed. The MOC is based on a unique concept of combining the Pd-based membrane and catalysts for steam methane reforming (SMR). A thinner Pd-based membrane is fabricated on a catalytic substrate, and thus it is possible to lower the module cost by reducing the amount of Pd and applying the well-established mass-production technology. Although the MOC module showed hydrogen production capability as high as the conventional hydrogen production membrane modules, the purity of the produced hydrogen decreased rapidly in several 10 h. The main reason of the decrease of the hydrogen purity in a short time is an increase of leakage of the reformed gas into the permeating hydrogen. To improve the durability of the MOC and maintain the purity of the produced hydrogen, we modified the MOC manufacturing process to prevent the leakage. As a result, the durability of the MOC is improved and the purity of the produced hydrogen has been over 99.99% for 1000 h. In addition to the experimental testing of the MOC, we carried out numerical calculations on the MOC performance, and a good agreement between the experimental and calculated results was obtained. ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875510011000801 [article] Development of compact and efficient hydrogen production module with membrane on catalyst [texte imprimé] / Takao Kume, Auteur ; Yoichi Ikeda, Auteur ; Yuki Nakagawa, Auteur . - 2012 . - pp. 591–600. Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 3 N° 5 (Octobre 2011) . - pp. 591–600 Mots-clés : Membrane  reformer  Natural  gas  reforming  Hydrogen  production  Pd–Ag  membrane Résumé : A new module of Pd-based membrane on catalyst (MOC) for hydrogen production has been developed. The MOC is based on a unique concept of combining the Pd-based membrane and catalysts for steam methane reforming (SMR). A thinner Pd-based membrane is fabricated on a catalytic substrate, and thus it is possible to lower the module cost by reducing the amount of Pd and applying the well-established mass-production technology. Although the MOC module showed hydrogen production capability as high as the conventional hydrogen production membrane modules, the purity of the produced hydrogen decreased rapidly in several 10 h. The main reason of the decrease of the hydrogen purity in a short time is an increase of leakage of the reformed gas into the permeating hydrogen. To improve the durability of the MOC and maintain the purity of the produced hydrogen, we modified the MOC manufacturing process to prevent the leakage. As a result, the durability of the MOC is improved and the purity of the produced hydrogen has been over 99.99% for 1000 h. In addition to the experimental testing of the MOC, we carried out numerical calculations on the MOC performance, and a good agreement between the experimental and calculated results was obtained. ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875510011000801

Development of the “Gray-Buster-Advance Lining” method for renovation of gray cast-iron pipes / Minoru Konno in Journal of natural gas science and engineering, Vol. 3 N° 5 (Octobre 2011) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 3 N° 5 (Octobre 2011) . - pp. 601–607 Titre : Development of the “Gray-Buster-Advance Lining” method for renovation of gray cast-iron pipes Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Minoru Konno, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : pp. 601–607 Note générale : Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Gray  cast-iron  pipe  Renovation  Rotary  head  gun  Trenchless  method  Membrane Résumé : The Gray-Buster-Advance Lining (GBA) method for the renovation of gray cast-iron pipes has been developed. In general, gray cast-iron pipes installed in the past are prone to be broken by ground subsidence. The breakage of these pipes must be prevented in order to reduce the risk of gas leak accidents. This GBA method can form a thick synthetic resin membrane inside the pipes without the need for excavation, and can make the pipes as robust as new pipes. In addition, a remarkable feature of this method is that re-connection work of branching lateral pipes is not needed because blocking of branch points by the resin membrane can be avoided by blowing air from the end of the service lateral pipe during the resin lining process. Therefore, the construction cost for digging, filling and re-paving can be reduced compared with conventional methods such as the pipe-in-pipe method. In this paper, the characteristics and procedure of the GBA method and advantageous points compared with conventional methods are described. ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875510011000795 [article] Development of the “Gray-Buster-Advance Lining” method for renovation of gray cast-iron pipes [texte imprimé] / Minoru Konno, Auteur . - 2012 . - pp. 601–607. Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 3 N° 5 (Octobre 2011) . - pp. 601–607 Mots-clés : Gray  cast-iron  pipe  Renovation  Rotary  head  gun  Trenchless  method  Membrane Résumé : The Gray-Buster-Advance Lining (GBA) method for the renovation of gray cast-iron pipes has been developed. In general, gray cast-iron pipes installed in the past are prone to be broken by ground subsidence. The breakage of these pipes must be prevented in order to reduce the risk of gas leak accidents. This GBA method can form a thick synthetic resin membrane inside the pipes without the need for excavation, and can make the pipes as robust as new pipes. In addition, a remarkable feature of this method is that re-connection work of branching lateral pipes is not needed because blocking of branch points by the resin membrane can be avoided by blowing air from the end of the service lateral pipe during the resin lining process. Therefore, the construction cost for digging, filling and re-paving can be reduced compared with conventional methods such as the pipe-in-pipe method. In this paper, the characteristics and procedure of the GBA method and advantageous points compared with conventional methods are described. ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875510011000795

The role of natural gas in smart grids / Frits W. Bliek in Journal of natural gas science and engineering, Vol. 3 N° 5 (Octobre 2011) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 3 N° 5 (Octobre 2011) . - pp. 608–616 Titre : The role of natural gas in smart grids Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Frits W. Bliek, Auteur ; Albert Van Den Noort, Auteur ; Bart Roossien, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : pp. 608–616 Note générale : Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Smart  grids  Market  model  Micro  cogeneration  units  Hybrid  heat  pumps  Capacity  Management  Virtual  power  plant  and  natural  gas Résumé : PowerMatching City (see ref. (Bliek et al., 2010)) is a living lab smart grid demonstration that shows the feasibility of a market based smart grid optimization methodology. It allows simultaneous optimization of multiple goals of the various stakeholders in a smart grid: in-home optimization, commercial optimization (VPP operation), congestion management and Integration and Valorization of renewable energy. The solution is based on local distributed intelligence and controlled by software agents at a device level that are coupled via local markets. These local markets are combined to a single central market that is coupled via the trading room of RWE-Essent to the existing markets like the imbalance and APX-ENDEX. The demonstration show how gas applications (micro cogeneration and hybrid heat pump systems) and gas infrastructure can play an essential role in smart grids and form a cost efficient cornerstone in balancing our networks when intermittent renewable energy sources are deployed on a large scale. ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875510011000783 [article] The role of natural gas in smart grids [texte imprimé] / Frits W. Bliek, Auteur ; Albert Van Den Noort, Auteur ; Bart Roossien, Auteur . - 2012 . - pp. 608–616. Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 3 N° 5 (Octobre 2011) . - pp. 608–616 Mots-clés : Smart  grids  Market  model  Micro  cogeneration  units  Hybrid  heat  pumps  Capacity  Management  Virtual  power  plant  and  natural  gas Résumé : PowerMatching City (see ref. (Bliek et al., 2010)) is a living lab smart grid demonstration that shows the feasibility of a market based smart grid optimization methodology. It allows simultaneous optimization of multiple goals of the various stakeholders in a smart grid: in-home optimization, commercial optimization (VPP operation), congestion management and Integration and Valorization of renewable energy. The solution is based on local distributed intelligence and controlled by software agents at a device level that are coupled via local markets. These local markets are combined to a single central market that is coupled via the trading room of RWE-Essent to the existing markets like the imbalance and APX-ENDEX. The demonstration show how gas applications (micro cogeneration and hybrid heat pump systems) and gas infrastructure can play an essential role in smart grids and form a cost efficient cornerstone in balancing our networks when intermittent renewable energy sources are deployed on a large scale. ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875510011000783

Biomethane CNG hybrid / Olivier Bordelanne in Journal of natural gas science and engineering, Vol. 3 N° 5 (Octobre 2011) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 3 N° 5 (Octobre 2011) . - pp. 617–624 Titre : Biomethane CNG hybrid : A reduction by more than 80% of the greenhouse gases emissions compared to gasoline Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Olivier Bordelanne, Auteur ; Micheline Montero, Auteur ; Frédérique Bravin, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : pp. 617–624 Note générale : Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Compressed  natural  gas  (CNG)  vehicle  CNG  hybrid  vehicle  Biogas  Biomethane  Greenhouse  gas  emission  reduction Résumé : Recent results of GDF SUEZ Research and Innovation Division (RID) activities on Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) vehicles are depicted in this paper: • The prototype “Toyota Prius II Hybrid CNG Vehicle”, developed with IFP Energies Nouvelles, combines a natural gas thermal engine with a hybrid electric motorization. After optimization, CO2 emissions, measured on chassis dynamometer, were 76 g/km on NEDC cycle. • The use of raw biogas in CNG Vehicle has been explored. These tests have shown that raw biogas (not upgraded) can be used as a fuel, if blended with natural gas. In fact, the use of raw biogas can be envisaged in dedicated CNG engines, if new engine technologies (lean CNG combustion) are developed. In such a case natural gas can be blended with up to 70% volume of not upgraded biogas. • The potential reduction of greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions related both to the optimization of the CNG vehicle and to the use of biomethane as a vehicle fuel has been evaluated. GHG emissions from CNG vehicles (mono-fuel and hybrid) may be significantly lower than emissions of gasoline vehicles: around 17% lower in the case of dedicated CNG Vehicle and up to 51% lower in the case of hybrid CNG vehicles. In addition, biomethane (from the anaerobic digestion of waste) brings the GHG emission levels, over the course of the life cycle, down to more than 80% compared to a gasoline vehicle. Emission levels are lowered by 87% in the case of the Toyota Prius CNG Hybrid prototype fuelled by biomethane produced from waste (in comparison to a gasoline vehicle). Thus, biomethane allows a reduction of GHG emissions far below the minimum required by the European Directive on the Promotion of Renewable Energy Sources (2009/28/EC). These results have shown that the combination of optimized and innovative engines with the use of biomethane as a fuel permits to significantly reduce the GHG emissions. ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875510011000771 [article] Biomethane CNG hybrid : A reduction by more than 80% of the greenhouse gases emissions compared to gasoline [texte imprimé] / Olivier Bordelanne, Auteur ; Micheline Montero, Auteur ; Frédérique Bravin, Auteur . - 2012 . - pp. 617–624. Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 3 N° 5 (Octobre 2011) . - pp. 617–624 Mots-clés : Compressed  natural  gas  (CNG)  vehicle  CNG  hybrid  vehicle  Biogas  Biomethane  Greenhouse  gas  emission  reduction Résumé : Recent results of GDF SUEZ Research and Innovation Division (RID) activities on Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) vehicles are depicted in this paper: • The prototype “Toyota Prius II Hybrid CNG Vehicle”, developed with IFP Energies Nouvelles, combines a natural gas thermal engine with a hybrid electric motorization. After optimization, CO2 emissions, measured on chassis dynamometer, were 76 g/km on NEDC cycle. • The use of raw biogas in CNG Vehicle has been explored. These tests have shown that raw biogas (not upgraded) can be used as a fuel, if blended with natural gas. In fact, the use of raw biogas can be envisaged in dedicated CNG engines, if new engine technologies (lean CNG combustion) are developed. In such a case natural gas can be blended with up to 70% volume of not upgraded biogas. • The potential reduction of greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions related both to the optimization of the CNG vehicle and to the use of biomethane as a vehicle fuel has been evaluated. GHG emissions from CNG vehicles (mono-fuel and hybrid) may be significantly lower than emissions of gasoline vehicles: around 17% lower in the case of dedicated CNG Vehicle and up to 51% lower in the case of hybrid CNG vehicles. In addition, biomethane (from the anaerobic digestion of waste) brings the GHG emission levels, over the course of the life cycle, down to more than 80% compared to a gasoline vehicle. Emission levels are lowered by 87% in the case of the Toyota Prius CNG Hybrid prototype fuelled by biomethane produced from waste (in comparison to a gasoline vehicle). Thus, biomethane allows a reduction of GHG emissions far below the minimum required by the European Directive on the Promotion of Renewable Energy Sources (2009/28/EC). These results have shown that the combination of optimized and innovative engines with the use of biomethane as a fuel permits to significantly reduce the GHG emissions. ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875510011000771

Optimisation of biogas production by infrared spectroscopy-based process control / Dieter Wolf in Journal of natural gas science and engineering, Vol. 3 N° 5 (Octobre 2011) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 3 N° 5 (Octobre 2011) . - pp. 625–632 Titre : Optimisation of biogas production by infrared spectroscopy-based process control Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Dieter Wolf, Auteur ; Harald Von Canstein, Auteur ; Cathrin Schröder, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : pp. 625–632 Note générale : Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Biogas  Biomethane  Near  infrared  spectroscopy  (NIRS)  Process  automation  Raw  biogas  Ultrasonic  volumetric  flow  metre Résumé : Biomethane being a storable and base load capable energy carrier has an important role in the energy policy of the German government. The high targets for future production levels require an efficient production of biogas to yield the most biogas from either energy crops or organic waste, and to fully utilise the gas production capacity of biogas plants. Both processes can yet be optimised, and the two novel measuring technologies presented here may play an important part in this. The continuous analysis of biomass as input for a biogas plant and of the media inside the digesters was conducted by near infrared-based spectroscopy. First results indicate a high degree of accuracy for key process parameters compared to laboratory analyses. The measurement of the volumetric flow of raw biogas in the different stages of the process was performed with ultrasonic biogas meters. First results show a high degree of precision. The results will be used to develop a model towards process automation. ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187551001100076X [article] Optimisation of biogas production by infrared spectroscopy-based process control [texte imprimé] / Dieter Wolf, Auteur ; Harald Von Canstein, Auteur ; Cathrin Schröder, Auteur . - 2012 . - pp. 625–632. Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 3 N° 5 (Octobre 2011) . - pp. 625–632 Mots-clés : Biogas  Biomethane  Near  infrared  spectroscopy  (NIRS)  Process  automation  Raw  biogas  Ultrasonic  volumetric  flow  metre Résumé : Biomethane being a storable and base load capable energy carrier has an important role in the energy policy of the German government. The high targets for future production levels require an efficient production of biogas to yield the most biogas from either energy crops or organic waste, and to fully utilise the gas production capacity of biogas plants. Both processes can yet be optimised, and the two novel measuring technologies presented here may play an important part in this. The continuous analysis of biomass as input for a biogas plant and of the media inside the digesters was conducted by near infrared-based spectroscopy. First results indicate a high degree of accuracy for key process parameters compared to laboratory analyses. The measurement of the volumetric flow of raw biogas in the different stages of the process was performed with ultrasonic biogas meters. First results show a high degree of precision. The results will be used to develop a model towards process automation. ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187551001100076X

Evaluation of predictive assessment reliability on corroded transmission pipelines / Maxime Lecchi in Journal of natural gas science and engineering, Vol. 3 N° 5 (Octobre 2011) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 3 N° 5 (Octobre 2011) . - pp. 633–641 Titre : Evaluation of predictive assessment reliability on corroded transmission pipelines Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Maxime Lecchi, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : pp. 633–641 Note générale : Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Defect  assessment  Pipeline  reliability  Probabilistic  Corrosion  Corrosion  rate  In-line  inspection Résumé : Oil and Gas operators have to deal with the ageing process of their transmission pipeline grid. Some of these pipelines can be inspected using In Line Inspection (ILI) tools. In order to maintain an acceptable integrity level, re-inspection operations have to be performed. This process needs to be optimized in terms of resources and cost. CRIGEN, GDF SUEZ Research and Development Center, has developed a methodology which prioritizes rehabilitation operations on a pipeline after in-line inspections, and determines the optimal interval for re-inspection. A reliable help decision software tool, GADPro, which applies the methodology has also been developed. Dealing with defects assimilated to external electrochemical corrosion, the developed methodology is based on: ▪ ILI features reported in depth dimensions in order to assess a probable corrosion growth rate, ▪ Probabilistic distribution of input parameters (defect geometrical characteristics, pipeline characteristics and corrosion growth rate), ▪ Failure probability calculation. The calculation results take the form of three probabilities of failure: ▪ A punctual probability of failure for each defect, ▪ An annual probability of failure for each defect, ▪ An annual probability of failure per kilometer of pipe. To interpret the results, the annual probability of failure per kilometer of pipe is then compared with threshold values from safety studies that can be associated with location places and failure modes. In year 2009, the re-inspection of two 24 inches coil tar enamel gas transmission pipeline formerly inspected in year 1999 gave the opportunity to evaluate the consistency of the predictive assessment from GADPRO tool. The first pipeline was 125 km long. The second one was 93 km long. To reach that goal, a first step consisted to match the metal losses from the two run for each pipe section. Then, corrosion growth rates were calculated from the sizing evolution of the matched defect from the two ILI runs. Results were compared with the corrosion growth rate determined with the assumptions made in GADPro tool. Finally, the preventive intervention program which could have been determined after the 1999 ILI was compared to the one established using the results of the inspection performed on the same line in year 2009. This article presents the procedures employed to carry out a probabilistic assessment of corroded pipelines inspected with ILI tools as well as the methodology validation study based on pipeline re-inspection data analysis. ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875510011000758 [article] Evaluation of predictive assessment reliability on corroded transmission pipelines [texte imprimé] / Maxime Lecchi, Auteur . - 2012 . - pp. 633–641. Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 3 N° 5 (Octobre 2011) . - pp. 633–641 Mots-clés : Defect  assessment  Pipeline  reliability  Probabilistic  Corrosion  Corrosion  rate  In-line  inspection Résumé : Oil and Gas operators have to deal with the ageing process of their transmission pipeline grid. Some of these pipelines can be inspected using In Line Inspection (ILI) tools. In order to maintain an acceptable integrity level, re-inspection operations have to be performed. This process needs to be optimized in terms of resources and cost. CRIGEN, GDF SUEZ Research and Development Center, has developed a methodology which prioritizes rehabilitation operations on a pipeline after in-line inspections, and determines the optimal interval for re-inspection. A reliable help decision software tool, GADPro, which applies the methodology has also been developed. Dealing with defects assimilated to external electrochemical corrosion, the developed methodology is based on: ▪ ILI features reported in depth dimensions in order to assess a probable corrosion growth rate, ▪ Probabilistic distribution of input parameters (defect geometrical characteristics, pipeline characteristics and corrosion growth rate), ▪ Failure probability calculation. The calculation results take the form of three probabilities of failure: ▪ A punctual probability of failure for each defect, ▪ An annual probability of failure for each defect, ▪ An annual probability of failure per kilometer of pipe. To interpret the results, the annual probability of failure per kilometer of pipe is then compared with threshold values from safety studies that can be associated with location places and failure modes. In year 2009, the re-inspection of two 24 inches coil tar enamel gas transmission pipeline formerly inspected in year 1999 gave the opportunity to evaluate the consistency of the predictive assessment from GADPRO tool. The first pipeline was 125 km long. The second one was 93 km long. To reach that goal, a first step consisted to match the metal losses from the two run for each pipe section. Then, corrosion growth rates were calculated from the sizing evolution of the matched defect from the two ILI runs. Results were compared with the corrosion growth rate determined with the assumptions made in GADPro tool. Finally, the preventive intervention program which could have been determined after the 1999 ILI was compared to the one established using the results of the inspection performed on the same line in year 2009. This article presents the procedures employed to carry out a probabilistic assessment of corroded pipelines inspected with ILI tools as well as the methodology validation study based on pipeline re-inspection data analysis. ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875510011000758

The combustion behaviour of forced-draught industrial burners when fired within the EASEE-gas range of Wobbe Index / B.K. Slim in Journal of natural gas science and engineering, Vol. 3 N° 5 (Octobre 2011) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 3 N° 5 (Octobre 2011) . - pp. 642–645 Titre : The combustion behaviour of forced-draught industrial burners when fired within the EASEE-gas range of Wobbe Index Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : B.K. Slim, Auteur ; H.D. Darmeveil, Auteur ; S. Gersen, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : pp. 642–645 Note générale : Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Wobbe  Index  EASEE-gas  Industrial  burner  Burner  control  system  Feed-forward  Wobbe  control  system  Feed-back  oxygen  trim  control Résumé : In Europe, a common business practice for the cross-border exchange of natural gases has been formulated by EASEE-gas. The proposed range of Wobbe Index for this purpose is 48.96–56.92 MJ/Nm3 (25 °C/0 °C, 1013.25 hPa). However, it is unclear whether the entire range of end-use equipment can accept the suggested range and still function as desired. Research is currently underway tot assess whether this range of gases can be accepted by domestic appliances. To our knowledge, there has been little systematic investigation of the acceptable range of gas quality for large-scale, forced-draught industrial burners. Although natural gas is predominantly methane with lesser amounts of higher hydrocarbons and inerts, the variation in gas composition can have significant effects on burner performance. The vast majority of forced-draught industrial burners features a flow of air independent of the gas composition, therefore the air factor is (inversely) proportional to the Wobbe Index of the gas. In this paper we present the results of experiments on a number of generic large-scale industrial burners for boilers and industrial processes in which the Wobbe Index is varied across the EASEE-gas range. The combustion effects focused mainly on flame stability (burner overheating/blow-off and vibrations) and the pollutant emissions, such as CO, NOx and unburned hydrocarbons over the desired range of turndown ratio. The experimental results showed that, for the burners studied the measured oxygen concentration was the predominant factor governing burner behaviour; between 0.5 and 7% O2, all burners showed a stable flame while emitting less than 400 ppmv (dry, air free) CO. Outside this O2 range, the low-NOx boiler burners, being the most sensitive, showed decreasing flame stability and increasing CO production. One burner even exhibited blow-off, causing the safety system to shut down burner operation, an undesirable event in practice. In the burners studied, the NOx emission can increase significantly with increasing Wobbe Index. Even a relatively small increase can cause the burner to exceed the locally enforced NOx limit. The visible flame length increased with increasing Wobbe Index, due to the concomitant decrease in air factor and increase in thermal input. This can lead to a higher thermal load on furnaces, which may be unacceptable in some cases. The experimental results indicate that to widen the acceptable range some form of active control is necessary for the burners for boilers. The merits of using a feed-back control system, using oxygen measurement in the flue gas, compared to a feed-forward control using the Wobbe Index of the fuel gas are discussed. In particular, aspects regarding safety in the event of sensor malfunction are seen to be important when choosing a system. In this case, the Wobbe method seems technically preferable. ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875510011000746 [article] The combustion behaviour of forced-draught industrial burners when fired within the EASEE-gas range of Wobbe Index [texte imprimé] / B.K. Slim, Auteur ; H.D. Darmeveil, Auteur ; S. Gersen, Auteur . - 2012 . - pp. 642–645. Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 3 N° 5 (Octobre 2011) . - pp. 642–645 Mots-clés : Wobbe  Index  EASEE-gas  Industrial  burner  Burner  control  system  Feed-forward  Wobbe  control  system  Feed-back  oxygen  trim  control Résumé : In Europe, a common business practice for the cross-border exchange of natural gases has been formulated by EASEE-gas. The proposed range of Wobbe Index for this purpose is 48.96–56.92 MJ/Nm3 (25 °C/0 °C, 1013.25 hPa). However, it is unclear whether the entire range of end-use equipment can accept the suggested range and still function as desired. Research is currently underway tot assess whether this range of gases can be accepted by domestic appliances. To our knowledge, there has been little systematic investigation of the acceptable range of gas quality for large-scale, forced-draught industrial burners. Although natural gas is predominantly methane with lesser amounts of higher hydrocarbons and inerts, the variation in gas composition can have significant effects on burner performance. The vast majority of forced-draught industrial burners features a flow of air independent of the gas composition, therefore the air factor is (inversely) proportional to the Wobbe Index of the gas. In this paper we present the results of experiments on a number of generic large-scale industrial burners for boilers and industrial processes in which the Wobbe Index is varied across the EASEE-gas range. The combustion effects focused mainly on flame stability (burner overheating/blow-off and vibrations) and the pollutant emissions, such as CO, NOx and unburned hydrocarbons over the desired range of turndown ratio. The experimental results showed that, for the burners studied the measured oxygen concentration was the predominant factor governing burner behaviour; between 0.5 and 7% O2, all burners showed a stable flame while emitting less than 400 ppmv (dry, air free) CO. Outside this O2 range, the low-NOx boiler burners, being the most sensitive, showed decreasing flame stability and increasing CO production. One burner even exhibited blow-off, causing the safety system to shut down burner operation, an undesirable event in practice. In the burners studied, the NOx emission can increase significantly with increasing Wobbe Index. Even a relatively small increase can cause the burner to exceed the locally enforced NOx limit. The visible flame length increased with increasing Wobbe Index, due to the concomitant decrease in air factor and increase in thermal input. This can lead to a higher thermal load on furnaces, which may be unacceptable in some cases. The experimental results indicate that to widen the acceptable range some form of active control is necessary for the burners for boilers. The merits of using a feed-back control system, using oxygen measurement in the flue gas, compared to a feed-forward control using the Wobbe Index of the fuel gas are discussed. In particular, aspects regarding safety in the event of sensor malfunction are seen to be important when choosing a system. In this case, the Wobbe method seems technically preferable. ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875510011000746

LCA of biomethane / Marius Adelt in Journal of natural gas science and engineering, Vol. 3 N° 5 (Octobre 2011) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 3 N° 5 (Octobre 2011) . - pp. 646–650 Titre : LCA of biomethane Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Marius Adelt, Auteur ; Dieter Wolf, Auteur ; Alexander Vogel, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : pp. 646–650 Note générale : Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Biomethane  Energy  crops  GHG  emissions  Cumulative  energy  demand Résumé : As a renewable substitute for natural gas in the pipeline system, biomethane is a key option on the way to sustainable, renewable energy supplies. This paper evaluates biomethane production from energy crops with respect to its environmental impact and energy efficiency, taking into consideration own measurements and experience data from a modern, commercial plant as well as current studies. According to this study the specific GHG emissions associated with the production of biomethane amount to as little as 44.6 g CO2eq/kWh, corresponding to an overall GHG emission reduction of 82% compared with natural gas. The specific non-renewable energy demand of the entire process is very low at only 12%. These two indicators are due either to environmentally friendly plant cultivation (fermenter residues used as fertilizer) or to optimized plant design and operation (amine upgrading, renewable process heat, gas-tight equipment, industrial process control system). ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875510011000734 [article] LCA of biomethane [texte imprimé] / Marius Adelt, Auteur ; Dieter Wolf, Auteur ; Alexander Vogel, Auteur . - 2012 . - pp. 646–650. Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 3 N° 5 (Octobre 2011) . - pp. 646–650 Mots-clés : Biomethane  Energy  crops  GHG  emissions  Cumulative  energy  demand Résumé : As a renewable substitute for natural gas in the pipeline system, biomethane is a key option on the way to sustainable, renewable energy supplies. This paper evaluates biomethane production from energy crops with respect to its environmental impact and energy efficiency, taking into consideration own measurements and experience data from a modern, commercial plant as well as current studies. According to this study the specific GHG emissions associated with the production of biomethane amount to as little as 44.6 g CO2eq/kWh, corresponding to an overall GHG emission reduction of 82% compared with natural gas. The specific non-renewable energy demand of the entire process is very low at only 12%. These two indicators are due either to environmentally friendly plant cultivation (fermenter residues used as fertilizer) or to optimized plant design and operation (amine upgrading, renewable process heat, gas-tight equipment, industrial process control system). ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875510011000734

Development of HCCI natural gas engines / Kazunobu Kobayashi in Journal of natural gas science and engineering, Vol. 3 N° 5 (Octobre 2011) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 3 N° 5 (Octobre 2011) . - pp. 651–656 Titre : Development of HCCI natural gas engines Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Kazunobu Kobayashi, Auteur ; Takahiro Sako, Auteur ; Yoshimi Sakaguchi, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : pp. 651–656 Note générale : Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Gaseous  fuel  HCCI  Internal  combustion  engine  CHP  Natural  gas Résumé : The possibility of turbocharging into a natural gas homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine is experimentally investigated. Experiments are performed using a naturally aspirated engine fitted with an external supercharger and a butterfly valve for back pressure control to simulate a turbocharger. The results indicate that the thermal efficiency can be improved by raising the engine compression ratio and lowering the boost pressure. At an engine compression ratio of 21 and turbocharging pressure of 0.19 MPa, the brake thermal efficiency reaches 43%, with NOx emissions of only 10 ppm or less. Finally, the performance of the engine fitted with a newly developed turbocharger is demonstrated. As a result, 43.3% brake thermal efficiency, 0.98 MPa brake mean effective pressure, and 13.8 ppm NOx emission have been realized. This value shows the possibility that a power generating efficiency of 40% at a power output of 50 kW could be achieved when applied to combined heat and power (CHP), even allowing for energy losses in the generator and the power inverter. For practical use, the ignition timing control, operation control, including how to start or load input and ensuring durability, remain to be investigated. To clarify these issues, we have initiated the endurance test for a newly developed 25 kW HCCI package, although the engine is not supercharged. ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875510011000722 [article] Development of HCCI natural gas engines [texte imprimé] / Kazunobu Kobayashi, Auteur ; Takahiro Sako, Auteur ; Yoshimi Sakaguchi, Auteur . - 2012 . - pp. 651–656. Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 3 N° 5 (Octobre 2011) . - pp. 651–656 Mots-clés : Gaseous  fuel  HCCI  Internal  combustion  engine  CHP  Natural  gas Résumé : The possibility of turbocharging into a natural gas homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine is experimentally investigated. Experiments are performed using a naturally aspirated engine fitted with an external supercharger and a butterfly valve for back pressure control to simulate a turbocharger. The results indicate that the thermal efficiency can be improved by raising the engine compression ratio and lowering the boost pressure. At an engine compression ratio of 21 and turbocharging pressure of 0.19 MPa, the brake thermal efficiency reaches 43%, with NOx emissions of only 10 ppm or less. Finally, the performance of the engine fitted with a newly developed turbocharger is demonstrated. As a result, 43.3% brake thermal efficiency, 0.98 MPa brake mean effective pressure, and 13.8 ppm NOx emission have been realized. This value shows the possibility that a power generating efficiency of 40% at a power output of 50 kW could be achieved when applied to combined heat and power (CHP), even allowing for energy losses in the generator and the power inverter. For practical use, the ignition timing control, operation control, including how to start or load input and ensuring durability, remain to be investigated. To clarify these issues, we have initiated the endurance test for a newly developed 25 kW HCCI package, although the engine is not supercharged. ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875510011000722

How to commercialize reliable capacities on a complex transmission network? / Benoît Casoetto in Journal of natural gas science and engineering, Vol. 3 N° 5 (Octobre 2011) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 3 N° 5 (Octobre 2011) . - pp. 657–663 Titre : How to commercialize reliable capacities on a complex transmission network? Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Benoît Casoetto, Auteur ; Eglantine Flottes, Auteur ; Julien Ardeois, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : pp. 657–663 Note générale : Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Transmission  network  Capacity  availability  Maintenance  capacity  restrictions  Worst-case  scenario Résumé : GRTgaz is a subsidiary of GDF SUEZ which owns, develops, maintains and operates the main part of the French transmission network. Developing capacities to meet the market demands and guaranteeing their availability is therefore one of the most important missions of GRTgaz. However, given the complexity of its physical network, it is not an easy issue to deal with. This is why GRTgaz asked the CRIGEN, a research center of GDF SUEZ R&I division, to develop specific algorithms to address this problem. In this paper we give an overview of the main French gas transmission network operator GRTgaz contractual and physical network and show how complex it is to commercialize reliable transmission capacities. Then we specify the problem of scenario feasibility-checking with a focus on inter-connecting stations. We present the software developed by the CRIGEN (Center for Research and Innovation in gas and new energies), its results and the way it is used by GRTgaz. Finally, we propose several perspectives for improvements or new functions. ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875510011000710 [article] How to commercialize reliable capacities on a complex transmission network? [texte imprimé] / Benoît Casoetto, Auteur ; Eglantine Flottes, Auteur ; Julien Ardeois, Auteur . - 2012 . - pp. 657–663. Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 3 N° 5 (Octobre 2011) . - pp. 657–663 Mots-clés : Transmission  network  Capacity  availability  Maintenance  capacity  restrictions  Worst-case  scenario Résumé : GRTgaz is a subsidiary of GDF SUEZ which owns, develops, maintains and operates the main part of the French transmission network. Developing capacities to meet the market demands and guaranteeing their availability is therefore one of the most important missions of GRTgaz. However, given the complexity of its physical network, it is not an easy issue to deal with. This is why GRTgaz asked the CRIGEN, a research center of GDF SUEZ R&I division, to develop specific algorithms to address this problem. In this paper we give an overview of the main French gas transmission network operator GRTgaz contractual and physical network and show how complex it is to commercialize reliable transmission capacities. Then we specify the problem of scenario feasibility-checking with a focus on inter-connecting stations. We present the software developed by the CRIGEN (Center for Research and Innovation in gas and new energies), its results and the way it is used by GRTgaz. Finally, we propose several perspectives for improvements or new functions. ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875510011000710

Exemplaires

Bibliothèque Ecole Nationale Polytechnique d'Alger

Accueil

Se connecter

Météo

Adresse