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Ajouter le résultat dans votre panierNumerical study on the entrainment of bed material into rapid landslides / M. Pirulli in Géotechnique, Vol. 62 N° 11 (Novembre 2012)
in Géotechnique > Vol. 62 N° 11 (Novembre 2012) . - pp. 959 –972
Titre : Numerical study on the entrainment of bed material into rapid landslides Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : M. Pirulli, Auteur ; M. Pastor, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : pp. 959 –972 Note générale : Génie Civil Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Numerical modelling Erosion Landslides Résumé : The entrainment of channel-path material plays an important role during runout of many rapid landslides. Such a mechanism is able to change the mobility of a flow significantly, through rapid changes of the flow volume and rheology. The purpose of this paper is to use mathematical, rheological and constitutive models to analyse the entrainment effect on runout analysis results. After a brief review and classification of some well-established erosion laws, a simple, yet effective, empirical formula for the entrainment rate has been selected, and is implemented in a continuum mechanics-based numerical model. First, some hypothetical examples are used to test the effectiveness of the implemented entrainment process, and to evidence the respective role of entrainment and topography on a flow propagation. Then a back-analysis is presented of the 2000 Tsing Shan event (Hong Kong), where a small volume of 150 m3 of material grew to 1620 m3 because of the strong erosion along the slope. From the results obtained, it emerges that the new model with erosion implemented can provide a useful contribution in describing the consequences of mass movements in which the entrainment process can play a key role. ISSN : 0016-8505 En ligne : http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/content/article/10.1680/geot.10.P.074 [article] Numerical study on the entrainment of bed material into rapid landslides [texte imprimé] / M. Pirulli, Auteur ; M. Pastor, Auteur . - 2012 . - pp. 959 –972.
Génie Civil
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Géotechnique > Vol. 62 N° 11 (Novembre 2012) . - pp. 959 –972
Mots-clés : Numerical modelling Erosion Landslides Résumé : The entrainment of channel-path material plays an important role during runout of many rapid landslides. Such a mechanism is able to change the mobility of a flow significantly, through rapid changes of the flow volume and rheology. The purpose of this paper is to use mathematical, rheological and constitutive models to analyse the entrainment effect on runout analysis results. After a brief review and classification of some well-established erosion laws, a simple, yet effective, empirical formula for the entrainment rate has been selected, and is implemented in a continuum mechanics-based numerical model. First, some hypothetical examples are used to test the effectiveness of the implemented entrainment process, and to evidence the respective role of entrainment and topography on a flow propagation. Then a back-analysis is presented of the 2000 Tsing Shan event (Hong Kong), where a small volume of 150 m3 of material grew to 1620 m3 because of the strong erosion along the slope. From the results obtained, it emerges that the new model with erosion implemented can provide a useful contribution in describing the consequences of mass movements in which the entrainment process can play a key role. ISSN : 0016-8505 En ligne : http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/content/article/10.1680/geot.10.P.074
in Géotechnique > Vol. 62 N° 11 (Novembre 2012) . - pp. 973 –984
Titre : The influence of particle shape on the (centrifuge) cone penetration test (CPT) end resistance in uniformly graded granular soils Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Q. B. Liu, Auteur ; B. M. Lehane, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : pp. 973 –984 Note générale : Génie Civil Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Shear strength Sand Centrifuge modelling Résumé : The paper examines the effect of particle shape on the end resistance measured in a series of centrifuge cone penetration tests (CPTs) conducted in four uniformly graded silica materials, each with its own distinctive particle-shape characteristic. The CPTs were performed at three different centrifuge g-levels and two different relative densities. A parallel series of shear-box tests allowed determination of the materials' shearing characteristics, and led to the development of an expression for peak friction angle that incorporates the influence of particle shape. A simple approach to predict the CPT end resistance employing this expression is shown to match the measured centrifuge CPT data and hence assist with quantification of the relative importance of particle shape on the CPT end resistance. ISSN : 0016-8505 En ligne : http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/content/article/10.1680/geot.10.P.077 [article] The influence of particle shape on the (centrifuge) cone penetration test (CPT) end resistance in uniformly graded granular soils [texte imprimé] / Q. B. Liu, Auteur ; B. M. Lehane, Auteur . - 2012 . - pp. 973 –984.
Génie Civil
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Géotechnique > Vol. 62 N° 11 (Novembre 2012) . - pp. 973 –984
Mots-clés : Shear strength Sand Centrifuge modelling Résumé : The paper examines the effect of particle shape on the end resistance measured in a series of centrifuge cone penetration tests (CPTs) conducted in four uniformly graded silica materials, each with its own distinctive particle-shape characteristic. The CPTs were performed at three different centrifuge g-levels and two different relative densities. A parallel series of shear-box tests allowed determination of the materials' shearing characteristics, and led to the development of an expression for peak friction angle that incorporates the influence of particle shape. A simple approach to predict the CPT end resistance employing this expression is shown to match the measured centrifuge CPT data and hence assist with quantification of the relative importance of particle shape on the CPT end resistance. ISSN : 0016-8505 En ligne : http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/content/article/10.1680/geot.10.P.077
in Géotechnique > Vol. 62 N° 11 (Novembre 2012) . - pp. 985 –997
Titre : Vertical drain consolidation with non-Darcian flow and void-ratio-dependent compressibility and permeability Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : R. Walker, Auteur ; B. Indraratna, Auteur ; C. Rujikiatkamjorn, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : pp. 985 –997 Note générale : Génie Civil Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Consolidation Case history Pore pressures Settlement Résumé : Vertical drains increase the rate of consolidation in soft soils by facilitating faster dissipation of excess pore water pressure through short, horizontal drainage paths. This paper presents an analytical solution for non-linear radial consolidation under equal-strain conditions incorporating smear but ignoring well resistance. Three aspects of non-linearity are considered: (a) non-Darcian flow, (b) a log-linear void-ratio–stress relationship; and (b) a log-linear void-ratio–permeability relationship. The analytical solution to non-linear radial consolidation can explicitly capture the behaviour of both overconsolidated and normally consolidated soils. For non-linear material properties, consolidation may be faster or slower when compared with the cases with constant material properties. The difference depends on the compressibility/permeability ratios (C c/C k and C r/C k), the preconsolidation pressure and the stress increase. If C c/C k < 1 or C r/C k < 1 then the coefficient of consolidation increases as excess pore pressures dissipate, and the corresponding rate of consolidation is greater. ISSN : 0016-8505 En ligne : http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/content/article/10.1680/geot.10.P.084 [article] Vertical drain consolidation with non-Darcian flow and void-ratio-dependent compressibility and permeability [texte imprimé] / R. Walker, Auteur ; B. Indraratna, Auteur ; C. Rujikiatkamjorn, Auteur . - 2012 . - pp. 985 –997.
Génie Civil
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Géotechnique > Vol. 62 N° 11 (Novembre 2012) . - pp. 985 –997
Mots-clés : Consolidation Case history Pore pressures Settlement Résumé : Vertical drains increase the rate of consolidation in soft soils by facilitating faster dissipation of excess pore water pressure through short, horizontal drainage paths. This paper presents an analytical solution for non-linear radial consolidation under equal-strain conditions incorporating smear but ignoring well resistance. Three aspects of non-linearity are considered: (a) non-Darcian flow, (b) a log-linear void-ratio–stress relationship; and (b) a log-linear void-ratio–permeability relationship. The analytical solution to non-linear radial consolidation can explicitly capture the behaviour of both overconsolidated and normally consolidated soils. For non-linear material properties, consolidation may be faster or slower when compared with the cases with constant material properties. The difference depends on the compressibility/permeability ratios (C c/C k and C r/C k), the preconsolidation pressure and the stress increase. If C c/C k < 1 or C r/C k < 1 then the coefficient of consolidation increases as excess pore pressures dissipate, and the corresponding rate of consolidation is greater. ISSN : 0016-8505 En ligne : http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/content/article/10.1680/geot.10.P.084
in Géotechnique > Vol. 62 N° 11 (Novembre 2012) . - pp. 999 –1012
Titre : Experimental behaviour of compacted marls Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : R. Cardoso, Auteur ; E. Maranha Des Neves, Auteur ; E. E. Alonso, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : pp. 999 –1012 Note générale : Génie Civil Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Suction Soft rocks Embankments Partial saturation Compaction Fabric/structure of soils Résumé : Jurassic marls from Abadia, Portugal, were used in the construction of some motorway embankments. Large fragments of this evolving material remained after the construction process, and their degradation was of concern because of the expected change of the engineering properties of the compacted material. The material exhibits a very complex behaviour, which is difficult to reproduce with existing constitutive models for unsaturated structured materials. This paper focuses on understanding and providing data on the interaction between the pure marls (rock) and the aggregate behaviour. It presents the main results of tests performed to characterise the hydro-mechanical behaviour of compacted marls in specimens prepared with different grading size distributions and subjected to oedometer tests where both stress and suction changes were applied. The experimental data obtained were analysed, considering the presence of fragments and their degradation. The marl matrix was characterised to complete the existing data previously published for this material, but now with the purpose of providing a better explanation for the volumetric behaviour of the aggregate. The discussion is assisted by the explanation provided by a simple elasto-plastic model for unsaturated soils. Discrepancies with model predictions help to highlight the singularity of the marl aggregate. Compacted marls behave as materials in the transition between rockfill (when the fragments remain brittle) and a clayey soil (when the degradation accumulates). Therefore the compacted marl exhibits a dual behaviour. If it is dry, deformations are explained by the breakage of particles and rearrangement of the structure. If it is wet, the compacted marl is dominated by bond degradation of the material, the release of swelling potential and simultaneous changes in the stiffness and strength of the fragments. It appears that the transition from dry to wet can be identified by the current suction; moreover, it is rather abrupt. ISSN : 0016-8505 En ligne : http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/content/article/10.1680/geot.10.P.093 [article] Experimental behaviour of compacted marls [texte imprimé] / R. Cardoso, Auteur ; E. Maranha Des Neves, Auteur ; E. E. Alonso, Auteur . - 2012 . - pp. 999 –1012.
Génie Civil
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Géotechnique > Vol. 62 N° 11 (Novembre 2012) . - pp. 999 –1012
Mots-clés : Suction Soft rocks Embankments Partial saturation Compaction Fabric/structure of soils Résumé : Jurassic marls from Abadia, Portugal, were used in the construction of some motorway embankments. Large fragments of this evolving material remained after the construction process, and their degradation was of concern because of the expected change of the engineering properties of the compacted material. The material exhibits a very complex behaviour, which is difficult to reproduce with existing constitutive models for unsaturated structured materials. This paper focuses on understanding and providing data on the interaction between the pure marls (rock) and the aggregate behaviour. It presents the main results of tests performed to characterise the hydro-mechanical behaviour of compacted marls in specimens prepared with different grading size distributions and subjected to oedometer tests where both stress and suction changes were applied. The experimental data obtained were analysed, considering the presence of fragments and their degradation. The marl matrix was characterised to complete the existing data previously published for this material, but now with the purpose of providing a better explanation for the volumetric behaviour of the aggregate. The discussion is assisted by the explanation provided by a simple elasto-plastic model for unsaturated soils. Discrepancies with model predictions help to highlight the singularity of the marl aggregate. Compacted marls behave as materials in the transition between rockfill (when the fragments remain brittle) and a clayey soil (when the degradation accumulates). Therefore the compacted marl exhibits a dual behaviour. If it is dry, deformations are explained by the breakage of particles and rearrangement of the structure. If it is wet, the compacted marl is dominated by bond degradation of the material, the release of swelling potential and simultaneous changes in the stiffness and strength of the fragments. It appears that the transition from dry to wet can be identified by the current suction; moreover, it is rather abrupt. ISSN : 0016-8505 En ligne : http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/content/article/10.1680/geot.10.P.093
in Géotechnique > Vol. 62 N° 11 (Novembre 2012) . - pp. 1013 –1025
Titre : Stability of granite drystone masonry retaining walls : I. Analytical design Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : L. R. Alejano, Auteur ; M. Veiga, Auteur ; J. Taboada, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : pp. 1013 –1025 Note générale : Génie Civil Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Limit equilibrium methods Design Retaining walls Résumé : A limit-equilibrium-based technique is proposed for the design and analysis of drystone masonry retaining walls, focusing particularly on granite walls as traditionally constructed in Galicia in northwest Spain. To date, walls have typically been designed on the basis of past experience and rigid wall approaches. The method presented analyses wall stability, at different heights associated with block rows, against sliding and against two overturning mechanisms. As a result, design widths are obtained for different wall depths. The method can also be applied to estimates of the stability of existing walls with known dimensions and properties. The analytical method was applied experimentally to the design of a 20 m high wall. A sensitivity analysis of the design was also performed, with results presented in the form of a spider diagram. Estimates of the most relevant parameters for this type of design and some back-analyses to assess the technique are addressed in an accompanying paper. ISSN : 0016-8505 En ligne : http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/content/article/10.1680/geot.10.P.112 [article] Stability of granite drystone masonry retaining walls : I. Analytical design [texte imprimé] / L. R. Alejano, Auteur ; M. Veiga, Auteur ; J. Taboada, Auteur . - 2012 . - pp. 1013 –1025.
Génie Civil
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Géotechnique > Vol. 62 N° 11 (Novembre 2012) . - pp. 1013 –1025
Mots-clés : Limit equilibrium methods Design Retaining walls Résumé : A limit-equilibrium-based technique is proposed for the design and analysis of drystone masonry retaining walls, focusing particularly on granite walls as traditionally constructed in Galicia in northwest Spain. To date, walls have typically been designed on the basis of past experience and rigid wall approaches. The method presented analyses wall stability, at different heights associated with block rows, against sliding and against two overturning mechanisms. As a result, design widths are obtained for different wall depths. The method can also be applied to estimates of the stability of existing walls with known dimensions and properties. The analytical method was applied experimentally to the design of a 20 m high wall. A sensitivity analysis of the design was also performed, with results presented in the form of a spider diagram. Estimates of the most relevant parameters for this type of design and some back-analyses to assess the technique are addressed in an accompanying paper. ISSN : 0016-8505 En ligne : http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/content/article/10.1680/geot.10.P.112
in Géotechnique > Vol. 62 N° 11 (Novembre 2012) . - pp. 1027 –1040
Titre : Stability of granite drystone masonry retaining walls : II. Relevant parameters and analytical and numerical studies of real walls Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : L. R. Alejano, Auteur ; M. Veiga, Auteur ; I. Gomez-Marquez, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : pp. 1027 –1040 Note générale : Génie Civil Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Numerical modelling Retaining walls Failure Résumé : This paper applies the analytical limit-equilibrium technique described in the accompanying Part I of this article to the design of granite drystone masonry retaining walls. Particular attention has been paid to estimating relevant parameters for the materials used. The friction angle between the stone blocks was studied by means of full-scale tests, and an empirical method was used to estimate the backfill strength properties. The dip of the base of the part of the wall tending to overturn was also studied. The technique was tested by back-analysing three wall failures, and was compared with numerical results from the UDEC code, suggested as an appropriate approach for assessing analytical results. Analytical factor of safety results for the design of a 20 m-high wall compared well with the numerical approach used in combination with the shear strength reduction technique. The results confirm the suitability of the limit-equilibrium approach for analysing these traditional, cost-effective and environmentally friendly structures. ISSN : 0016-8505 En ligne : http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/content/article/10.1680/geot.10.P.113 [article] Stability of granite drystone masonry retaining walls : II. Relevant parameters and analytical and numerical studies of real walls [texte imprimé] / L. R. Alejano, Auteur ; M. Veiga, Auteur ; I. Gomez-Marquez, Auteur . - 2012 . - pp. 1027 –1040.
Génie Civil
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Géotechnique > Vol. 62 N° 11 (Novembre 2012) . - pp. 1027 –1040
Mots-clés : Numerical modelling Retaining walls Failure Résumé : This paper applies the analytical limit-equilibrium technique described in the accompanying Part I of this article to the design of granite drystone masonry retaining walls. Particular attention has been paid to estimating relevant parameters for the materials used. The friction angle between the stone blocks was studied by means of full-scale tests, and an empirical method was used to estimate the backfill strength properties. The dip of the base of the part of the wall tending to overturn was also studied. The technique was tested by back-analysing three wall failures, and was compared with numerical results from the UDEC code, suggested as an appropriate approach for assessing analytical results. Analytical factor of safety results for the design of a 20 m-high wall compared well with the numerical approach used in combination with the shear strength reduction technique. The results confirm the suitability of the limit-equilibrium approach for analysing these traditional, cost-effective and environmentally friendly structures. ISSN : 0016-8505 En ligne : http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/content/article/10.1680/geot.10.P.113
in Géotechnique > Vol. 62 N° 11 (Novembre 2012) . - pp. 1041 –1045
Titre : A different approach and result to the measurement of K o of granular soils Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : M. L. Talesnick, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : pp. 1041 –1045 Note générale : Génie Civil Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Laboratory tests Earth pressure Résumé : An in-soil version of the null soil pressure measurement system has been used in the measurement of lateral earth pressures of granular soils for at-rest K o conditions. Four uniformly graded soils were tested, from particle diameter 0·15 mm through to 15 mm. Two significant observations were made based upon the data presented. For initial loading, the coefficient of lateral earth pressure, K o, was found to be higher for soil placed in a dense packing arrangement in comparison to that measured for the same soil placed in a loose packing arrangement. The development of horizontal pressure during unloading and reloading was found to be very similar to that of initial loading. ISSN : 0016-8505 En ligne : http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/content/article/10.1680/geot.11.P.009 [article] A different approach and result to the measurement of K o of granular soils [texte imprimé] / M. L. Talesnick, Auteur . - 2012 . - pp. 1041 –1045.
Génie Civil
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Géotechnique > Vol. 62 N° 11 (Novembre 2012) . - pp. 1041 –1045
Mots-clés : Laboratory tests Earth pressure Résumé : An in-soil version of the null soil pressure measurement system has been used in the measurement of lateral earth pressures of granular soils for at-rest K o conditions. Four uniformly graded soils were tested, from particle diameter 0·15 mm through to 15 mm. Two significant observations were made based upon the data presented. For initial loading, the coefficient of lateral earth pressure, K o, was found to be higher for soil placed in a dense packing arrangement in comparison to that measured for the same soil placed in a loose packing arrangement. The development of horizontal pressure during unloading and reloading was found to be very similar to that of initial loading. ISSN : 0016-8505 En ligne : http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/content/article/10.1680/geot.11.P.009
in Géotechnique > Vol. 62 N° 11 (Novembre 2012) . - pp. 1047 –1051
Titre : Preliminary study on the mechanical behaviour of heat exchanger pile in physical model Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : A. Kalantidou, Auteur ; A. M. Tang, Auteur ; J. M. Pereira, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : pp. 1047 –1051 Note générale : Génie Civil Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Settlement Soil/structure interaction Temperature effects Model tests Résumé : The effects of temperature changes on the mechanical behaviour of heat exchanger piles need to be taken into account in geotechnical design. In this preliminary study, the behaviour of an axially loaded pile under thermal cycles was investigated using a physical model. After applying the axial load on the pile head, the pile was heated from 25°C to 50°C and subsequently cooled to 25°C. Four tests (corresponding to four values of axial load) were performed and two temperature cycles were undertaken in each test. The pile temperature and the pile head displacement were monitored. When low axial loads were applied, the heating induced heave and cooling induced settlement of the pile head. In this case, the displacement–temperature curve was found to be reversible and similar to the thermal expansion curve of the pile. However, in the case of higher axial loads, the heave of the pile head, obtained during heating, was lower than the thermal expansion of the pile, suggesting settlement of the pile toe. Irreversible settlement of the pile head was observed after these thermal cycles. ISSN : 0016-8505 En ligne : http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/content/article/10.1680/geot.11.T.013 [article] Preliminary study on the mechanical behaviour of heat exchanger pile in physical model [texte imprimé] / A. Kalantidou, Auteur ; A. M. Tang, Auteur ; J. M. Pereira, Auteur . - 2012 . - pp. 1047 –1051.
Génie Civil
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Géotechnique > Vol. 62 N° 11 (Novembre 2012) . - pp. 1047 –1051
Mots-clés : Settlement Soil/structure interaction Temperature effects Model tests Résumé : The effects of temperature changes on the mechanical behaviour of heat exchanger piles need to be taken into account in geotechnical design. In this preliminary study, the behaviour of an axially loaded pile under thermal cycles was investigated using a physical model. After applying the axial load on the pile head, the pile was heated from 25°C to 50°C and subsequently cooled to 25°C. Four tests (corresponding to four values of axial load) were performed and two temperature cycles were undertaken in each test. The pile temperature and the pile head displacement were monitored. When low axial loads were applied, the heating induced heave and cooling induced settlement of the pile head. In this case, the displacement–temperature curve was found to be reversible and similar to the thermal expansion curve of the pile. However, in the case of higher axial loads, the heave of the pile head, obtained during heating, was lower than the thermal expansion of the pile, suggesting settlement of the pile toe. Irreversible settlement of the pile head was observed after these thermal cycles. ISSN : 0016-8505 En ligne : http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/content/article/10.1680/geot.11.T.013
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