[article] 
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 48 (Décembre 2012) . - pp. 15786-15795

Titre :	Impact of siloxane impurities on the performance of an engine operating on renewable natural gas
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Nitin Nair, Auteur ; Xianwei Zhang, Auteur ; Jorge Gutierrez, Auteur
Année de publication :	2013
Article en page(s) :	pp. 15786-15795
Note générale :	Industrial chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Natural  gas  Impurity
Résumé :	An internal combustion engine operating on natural gas (NG) spiked with siloxanes has been studied experimentally with the goal of understanding the impact of siloxane impurities on engine performance. These impurities are shown to completely decompose during NG combustion in the engine to form silica microparticulates. These coat the internal metal surfaces in the engine (e.g., the piston heads) as well as the engine's oxygen sensors and spark-plugs, and they also collect in the engine oil. A certain fraction of them, furthermore, are carried out of the engine in the flue-gas, and they deposit inside a catalyst monolith bed placed downstream of the engine resulting in its severe deactivation. These engine studies are consistent with prior fundamental studies by this team that indicate that siloxane impurities readily decompose in the NG combustion environment to form silica particulates that coat exposed metal surfaces. They also point out the critical importance for engine performance of adequately removing these siloxane impurities from NG prior to its use.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=26710615

[article] Impact of siloxane impurities on the performance of an engine operating on renewable natural gas [texte imprimé] / Nitin Nair, Auteur ; Xianwei Zhang, Auteur ; Jorge Gutierrez, Auteur . - 2013 . - pp. 15786-15795.
Industrial chemistry
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 48 (Décembre 2012) . - pp. 15786-15795

Mots-clés :	Natural  gas  Impurity
Résumé :	An internal combustion engine operating on natural gas (NG) spiked with siloxanes has been studied experimentally with the goal of understanding the impact of siloxane impurities on engine performance. These impurities are shown to completely decompose during NG combustion in the engine to form silica microparticulates. These coat the internal metal surfaces in the engine (e.g., the piston heads) as well as the engine's oxygen sensors and spark-plugs, and they also collect in the engine oil. A certain fraction of them, furthermore, are carried out of the engine in the flue-gas, and they deposit inside a catalyst monolith bed placed downstream of the engine resulting in its severe deactivation. These engine studies are consistent with prior fundamental studies by this team that indicate that siloxane impurities readily decompose in the NG combustion environment to form silica particulates that coat exposed metal surfaces. They also point out the critical importance for engine performance of adequately removing these siloxane impurities from NG prior to its use.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=26710615

[article] 
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 48 (Décembre 2012) . - pp. 15778-15785

Titre :	Efficacy of fresh and used supported copper-based catalysts for ferulic acid degradation by wet air oxidation process
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Bholu R. Yadav, Auteur ; Anurag Garg, Auteur
Année de publication :	2013
Article en page(s) :	pp. 15778-15785
Note générale :	Industrial chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Oxidation  Wet  air  Catalyst
Résumé :	Pulp mill effluents are not suitable for conventional biological treatment processes due to the presence of lignin which is found in cellulosic raw materials. The present study was undertaken to remove ferulic acid (a lignin model compound) from synthetic wastewater using a catalytic wet air oxidation (CWAO) process. The hydrothermal process was performed in the presence of three heterogeneous catalysts, namely, 60% CuO/40% CeO2, 60% CuO/40% Al2O3, and 60% CuO/40% 13X, in a temperature range of 90―160 °C, while the total pressure was maintained in the range of 0.55-0.8 MPa. CuO and CeO2 mixture (prepared by the sol gel peroxo method) exhibited the best performance and removed ca. 70% chemical oxygen demand (COD) from the wastewater at 120 °C temperature. The spent catalyst showed appreciable decline in the COD removal during reuse. The detailed results obtained from the catalyst characterization (fresh and used) and WAO studies are presented in the paper.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=26710614

[article] Efficacy of fresh and used supported copper-based catalysts for ferulic acid degradation by wet air oxidation process [texte imprimé] / Bholu R. Yadav, Auteur ; Anurag Garg, Auteur . - 2013 . - pp. 15778-15785.
Industrial chemistry
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 48 (Décembre 2012) . - pp. 15778-15785

Mots-clés :	Oxidation  Wet  air  Catalyst
Résumé :	Pulp mill effluents are not suitable for conventional biological treatment processes due to the presence of lignin which is found in cellulosic raw materials. The present study was undertaken to remove ferulic acid (a lignin model compound) from synthetic wastewater using a catalytic wet air oxidation (CWAO) process. The hydrothermal process was performed in the presence of three heterogeneous catalysts, namely, 60% CuO/40% CeO2, 60% CuO/40% Al2O3, and 60% CuO/40% 13X, in a temperature range of 90―160 °C, while the total pressure was maintained in the range of 0.55-0.8 MPa. CuO and CeO2 mixture (prepared by the sol gel peroxo method) exhibited the best performance and removed ca. 70% chemical oxygen demand (COD) from the wastewater at 120 °C temperature. The spent catalyst showed appreciable decline in the COD removal during reuse. The detailed results obtained from the catalyst characterization (fresh and used) and WAO studies are presented in the paper.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=26710614

[article] 
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 48 (Décembre 2012) . - pp. 15763-15777

Titre :	An integrated framework for modeling, synthesis, analysis, and optimization of coal gasification-based energy and chemical processes
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Siyu Yang, Auteur ; Qingchun Yang, Auteur ; Hengchong Li, Auteur
Année de publication :	2013
Article en page(s) :	pp. 15763-15777
Note générale :	Industrial chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Coal  gasification  Optimization  Modeling
Résumé :	A framework is proposed for integration of unit modeling, process synthesis, analysis, optimization, and process design of coal gasification-based energy and chemical processes. The conceptual models of these processes are built by the modeling and synthesis blocks in the framework, which are the bases of analysis and optimization. A number of analysis techniques are employed in the framework to fully understand the characteristics of the processes and their performances from technical, economic, and environmental points of view. Life cycle assessment and sustainability analysis are also included in the framework. According to these multilayer analyses, optimization is included in this framework to explore the best process or the best operational parameter set. Because of the systematic integration of the above techniques, the proposed framework could provide a comprehensive study for coal gasification-based processes. Three coal gasification-based processes are selected as the study cases in this Article. They are an integrated gasification combined cycle process, a methanol production, and a coproduction process combining the first two processes. The exergy efficiencies and economic investments of the three processes are analyzed and compared. The key parameters for material distribution in the coproduction process are optimized from the exergy efficiency and the investment points of view.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=26710613

[article] An integrated framework for modeling, synthesis, analysis, and optimization of coal gasification-based energy and chemical processes [texte imprimé] / Siyu Yang, Auteur ; Qingchun Yang, Auteur ; Hengchong Li, Auteur . - 2013 . - pp. 15763-15777.
Industrial chemistry
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 48 (Décembre 2012) . - pp. 15763-15777

Mots-clés :	Coal  gasification  Optimization  Modeling
Résumé :	A framework is proposed for integration of unit modeling, process synthesis, analysis, optimization, and process design of coal gasification-based energy and chemical processes. The conceptual models of these processes are built by the modeling and synthesis blocks in the framework, which are the bases of analysis and optimization. A number of analysis techniques are employed in the framework to fully understand the characteristics of the processes and their performances from technical, economic, and environmental points of view. Life cycle assessment and sustainability analysis are also included in the framework. According to these multilayer analyses, optimization is included in this framework to explore the best process or the best operational parameter set. Because of the systematic integration of the above techniques, the proposed framework could provide a comprehensive study for coal gasification-based processes. Three coal gasification-based processes are selected as the study cases in this Article. They are an integrated gasification combined cycle process, a methanol production, and a coproduction process combining the first two processes. The exergy efficiencies and economic investments of the three processes are analyzed and compared. The key parameters for material distribution in the coproduction process are optimized from the exergy efficiency and the investment points of view.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=26710613

[article] 
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 48 (Décembre 2012) . - pp. 15753-15762

Titre :	Synthesis of gold nanoplates with bioreducing agent using syringe pumps : A kinetic control
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Guowu Zhan, Auteur ; Lanting Ke, Auteur ; Qingbiao Li, Auteur
Année de publication :	2013
Article en page(s) :	pp. 15753-15762
Note générale :	Industrial chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Kinetics  Pump
Résumé :	Anisotropic Au nanoplates are particularly important owing to their unusual properties. Herein, we describe a plant-mediated bioreduction method to increase the yield of Au nanoplates and shorten the reaction time through a kinetically manipulated procedure. More specifically, the reduction rate was controlled by modulating experimental factors such as the addition mode and rate of the feed solutions, the temperature, and the pH based on a syringe-pumps apparatus. The dimensions of the obtained Au nanoplates were measured using TEM and AFM. The single-crystalline structure was demonstrated by HRTEM, SAED, and XRD. The results of XPS, FTIR, and TG analyses indicated strong affinity of the biomolecules binding to the Au nanoplate facets. In particular, the nanoplate films exhibited strong surface plasmon absorbance in the near-infrared range of 700―3000 nm, vital for optical applications. Furthermore, we propose a mechanism for this formation following the time-resolved studies.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=26710612

[article] Synthesis of gold nanoplates with bioreducing agent using syringe pumps : A kinetic control [texte imprimé] / Guowu Zhan, Auteur ; Lanting Ke, Auteur ; Qingbiao Li, Auteur . - 2013 . - pp. 15753-15762.
Industrial chemistry
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 48 (Décembre 2012) . - pp. 15753-15762

Mots-clés :	Kinetics  Pump
Résumé :	Anisotropic Au nanoplates are particularly important owing to their unusual properties. Herein, we describe a plant-mediated bioreduction method to increase the yield of Au nanoplates and shorten the reaction time through a kinetically manipulated procedure. More specifically, the reduction rate was controlled by modulating experimental factors such as the addition mode and rate of the feed solutions, the temperature, and the pH based on a syringe-pumps apparatus. The dimensions of the obtained Au nanoplates were measured using TEM and AFM. The single-crystalline structure was demonstrated by HRTEM, SAED, and XRD. The results of XPS, FTIR, and TG analyses indicated strong affinity of the biomolecules binding to the Au nanoplate facets. In particular, the nanoplate films exhibited strong surface plasmon absorbance in the near-infrared range of 700―3000 nm, vital for optical applications. Furthermore, we propose a mechanism for this formation following the time-resolved studies.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=26710612

[article] 
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 48 (Décembre 2012) . - pp. 15745-15752

Titre :	A Vector-based approach for controller performance assessment
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Qun Wu, Auteur ; Wenli Du, Auteur ; Feng Qian, Auteur
Année de publication :	2013
Article en page(s) :	pp. 15745-15752
Note générale :	Industrial chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Vector  Controller  performance
Résumé :	Considering that the traditional method for controller performance assessment is mainly based on minimum variance, which is an unattainable boundary, a new vector-based approach is proposed that is driven by the historical data and is not very dependent on prior knowledge of the process unit. A performance vector is designed to represent the controller precision and its response speed. The length and angle of the vector are constructed using statistical theory and signal processing techniques, which is the key step in the proposed method. It works well for disturbance rejection situation in single-input-single-output (SISO) systems. In particular, an index Pf is introduced as a measurement of the controller performance to show how much potential the control loop will still have for improvement. The Wood-Berry model is used for simulation studies to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method; then, the possibility of extending the method to a multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) system is also discussed here.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie3008105

[article] A Vector-based approach for controller performance assessment [texte imprimé] / Qun Wu, Auteur ; Wenli Du, Auteur ; Feng Qian, Auteur . - 2013 . - pp. 15745-15752.
Industrial chemistry
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 48 (Décembre 2012) . - pp. 15745-15752

Mots-clés :	Vector  Controller  performance
Résumé :	Considering that the traditional method for controller performance assessment is mainly based on minimum variance, which is an unattainable boundary, a new vector-based approach is proposed that is driven by the historical data and is not very dependent on prior knowledge of the process unit. A performance vector is designed to represent the controller precision and its response speed. The length and angle of the vector are constructed using statistical theory and signal processing techniques, which is the key step in the proposed method. It works well for disturbance rejection situation in single-input-single-output (SISO) systems. In particular, an index Pf is introduced as a measurement of the controller performance to show how much potential the control loop will still have for improvement. The Wood-Berry model is used for simulation studies to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method; then, the possibility of extending the method to a multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) system is also discussed here.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie3008105

[article] 
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 48 (Décembre 2012) . - pp. 15738–15744

Titre :	Membrane fractionation of a β-lactoglobulin tryptic digest: effect of the hydrolysate concentration
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Ayoa Fernandez, Auteur ; Francisco A. Riera, Auteur
Année de publication :	2013
Article en page(s) :	pp. 15738–15744
Note générale :	Industrial chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Hydrolysate  Nanofiltration  membranes
Résumé :	The effect of the hydrolysate concentration on the fractionation of a complex peptide mixture through different organic Ultrafiltration/Nanofiltration membranes was evaluated in this paper. The role of changes induced by feed concentration on the selectivity of the membrane received particular attention. The results showed that an increase in feed concentration resulted in an increase in the transmission of anionic peptides, while the transmission of positively charged species decreased. These results tend to work against the selectivity of the process and suggest that the dual size/charge separation mechanism of charged membranes is lost, at least partially. Although in this particular case a slight increase in the separation factor between bioactive and nonbioactive peptides was obtained at high concentration regimes, the presence of an important flux decline may not compensate for it.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie302376g

[article] Membrane fractionation of a β-lactoglobulin tryptic digest: effect of the hydrolysate concentration [texte imprimé] / Ayoa Fernandez, Auteur ; Francisco A. Riera, Auteur . - 2013 . - pp. 15738–15744.
Industrial chemistry
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 48 (Décembre 2012) . - pp. 15738–15744

Mots-clés :	Hydrolysate  Nanofiltration  membranes
Résumé :	The effect of the hydrolysate concentration on the fractionation of a complex peptide mixture through different organic Ultrafiltration/Nanofiltration membranes was evaluated in this paper. The role of changes induced by feed concentration on the selectivity of the membrane received particular attention. The results showed that an increase in feed concentration resulted in an increase in the transmission of anionic peptides, while the transmission of positively charged species decreased. These results tend to work against the selectivity of the process and suggest that the dual size/charge separation mechanism of charged membranes is lost, at least partially. Although in this particular case a slight increase in the separation factor between bioactive and nonbioactive peptides was obtained at high concentration regimes, the presence of an important flux decline may not compensate for it.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie302376g

[article] 
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 48 (Décembre 2012) . - pp. 15729–15737

Titre :	Electrical swing adsorption using new mixed matrix adsorbents for CO2 capture and recovery : Experiments and modeling
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Nabil Tlili, Auteur ; Georges Grévillot, Auteur ; Abderrazak Latifi, Auteur
Année de publication :	2013
Article en page(s) :	pp. 15729–15737
Note générale :	Industrial chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	New  mixed  matrix  adsorbents
Résumé :	A new mixed matrix material composed of polymer and activated carbon was prepared around metallic rods which could then be directly heated using the Joule effect. From a capacity point of view, a specific method was used during the synthesis step to maintain the original capacity of activated carbon. A cell containing 39 rods in parallel was designed and used for CO2 breakthrough curve measurements. The regeneration step was carried out using direct heating. Axial dispersion and mass transfer coefficients, involved in the one-dimensional and isothermal model developed, were used as adjustable parameters to represent the experimental results properly. The developed models were implemented and solved using Comsol Multiphysics software. The cell containing the rods was found to behave in the same way as a packed column with appropriate porosity and isotherms, and the present paper will also propose other potential uses for this original configuration.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie3016818

[article] Electrical swing adsorption using new mixed matrix adsorbents for CO2 capture and recovery : Experiments and modeling [texte imprimé] / Nabil Tlili, Auteur ; Georges Grévillot, Auteur ; Abderrazak Latifi, Auteur . - 2013 . - pp. 15729–15737.
Industrial chemistry
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 48 (Décembre 2012) . - pp. 15729–15737

Mots-clés :	New  mixed  matrix  adsorbents
Résumé :	A new mixed matrix material composed of polymer and activated carbon was prepared around metallic rods which could then be directly heated using the Joule effect. From a capacity point of view, a specific method was used during the synthesis step to maintain the original capacity of activated carbon. A cell containing 39 rods in parallel was designed and used for CO2 breakthrough curve measurements. The regeneration step was carried out using direct heating. Axial dispersion and mass transfer coefficients, involved in the one-dimensional and isothermal model developed, were used as adjustable parameters to represent the experimental results properly. The developed models were implemented and solved using Comsol Multiphysics software. The cell containing the rods was found to behave in the same way as a packed column with appropriate porosity and isotherms, and the present paper will also propose other potential uses for this original configuration.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie3016818

[article] 
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 48 (Décembre 2012) . - pp. 15720–15728

Titre :	Unexpected polymorphism and unique particle morphologies from monodisperse droplet evaporation
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Kelly M. Carver, Auteur ; Ryan C. Snyder, Auteur
Année de publication :	2013
Article en page(s) :	pp. 15720–15728
Note générale :	Industrial chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Particle  monodisperse
Résumé :	The particle sizes, morphologies, and structures are presented for succinic acid particles formed from the evaporation of uniform droplets created with a vibrating orifice aerosol generator. Particle sizes are monodisperse, and solvent choice is found to be the dominant factor in determining the final morphology and structure. The external particle morphologies range from round to cap shaped, while the surface roughness ranges from fairly smooth to extremely rough and pitted. Internally, the particles have significant void space and noticeable crystals. X-ray diffraction confirms that the particles are crystalline. Thus, the morphologies of the particles take on a crystal filled structure that is unique in comparison to previous particles formed through droplet evaporation. The structure of the particles contains β succinic acid; however, the particles formed from water also contain α succinic acid. α Succinic acid has not previously been able to be formed from solution at near atmospheric conditions. The unique morphologies and ability to identify unexpected polymorphs provide for a potential tool to not only enhance particle engineering but also to identify metastable polymorphs.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie3015439

[article] Unexpected polymorphism and unique particle morphologies from monodisperse droplet evaporation [texte imprimé] / Kelly M. Carver, Auteur ; Ryan C. Snyder, Auteur . - 2013 . - pp. 15720–15728.
Industrial chemistry
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 48 (Décembre 2012) . - pp. 15720–15728

Mots-clés :	Particle  monodisperse
Résumé :	The particle sizes, morphologies, and structures are presented for succinic acid particles formed from the evaporation of uniform droplets created with a vibrating orifice aerosol generator. Particle sizes are monodisperse, and solvent choice is found to be the dominant factor in determining the final morphology and structure. The external particle morphologies range from round to cap shaped, while the surface roughness ranges from fairly smooth to extremely rough and pitted. Internally, the particles have significant void space and noticeable crystals. X-ray diffraction confirms that the particles are crystalline. Thus, the morphologies of the particles take on a crystal filled structure that is unique in comparison to previous particles formed through droplet evaporation. The structure of the particles contains β succinic acid; however, the particles formed from water also contain α succinic acid. α Succinic acid has not previously been able to be formed from solution at near atmospheric conditions. The unique morphologies and ability to identify unexpected polymorphs provide for a potential tool to not only enhance particle engineering but also to identify metastable polymorphs.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie3015439

[article] 
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 48 (Décembre 2012) . - pp. 15710–15719

Titre :	Chemical, electrochemical and spectral characterization of water leachates from biomass
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Lei Deng, Auteur ; Defu Che, Auteur
Année de publication :	2013
Article en page(s) :	pp. 15710–15719
Note générale :	Industrial chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Electrochemical  Leachates  Biomass
Résumé :	To develop pretreatment strategies for better industrial utilization of biomass materials, six types of biomass were washed with deionized water at 303, 333, and 363 K, and the leachate was characterized by chemical, electrochemical, and spectral analysis. The results show that K+ is the most abundant cation in the leachates. An increase in the washing temperature leads to an increase in the cation concentration mainly because of the increment of K+. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) and the charge difference between inorganic cations and anions for leachate suggest that, in addition to inorganic ions, a few organic compounds and organic anions are released from biomass during washing. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of the dry leachate samples reveal that carbohydrates and carboxylates are the major components of the organic compounds and organic salts, respectively. Except for the leachate of rice straw, the charge difference and COD increase with increasing washing temperature because of the increment of carboxylates for all of the other leachates.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie301468b

[article] Chemical, electrochemical and spectral characterization of water leachates from biomass [texte imprimé] / Lei Deng, Auteur ; Defu Che, Auteur . - 2013 . - pp. 15710–15719.
Industrial chemistry
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 48 (Décembre 2012) . - pp. 15710–15719

Mots-clés :	Electrochemical  Leachates  Biomass
Résumé :	To develop pretreatment strategies for better industrial utilization of biomass materials, six types of biomass were washed with deionized water at 303, 333, and 363 K, and the leachate was characterized by chemical, electrochemical, and spectral analysis. The results show that K+ is the most abundant cation in the leachates. An increase in the washing temperature leads to an increase in the cation concentration mainly because of the increment of K+. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) and the charge difference between inorganic cations and anions for leachate suggest that, in addition to inorganic ions, a few organic compounds and organic anions are released from biomass during washing. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of the dry leachate samples reveal that carbohydrates and carboxylates are the major components of the organic compounds and organic salts, respectively. Except for the leachate of rice straw, the charge difference and COD increase with increasing washing temperature because of the increment of carboxylates for all of the other leachates.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie301468b

[article] 
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 48 (Décembre 2012) . - pp. 15696–15709

Titre :	Steady state and dynamic operation of four-product dividing-wall (Kaibel) columns : Experimental verification
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Deeptanshu Dwivedi, Auteur ; Jens P. Strandberg, Auteur ; Ivar J. Halvorsen, Auteur
Année de publication :	2013
Article en page(s) :	pp. 15696–15709
Note générale :	Industrial chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Dynamic  Energy
Résumé :	Control and operation of energy-efficient dividing-wall columns can be challenging. This paper demonstrates experimentally the start-up and steady state operation of a four-product Kaibel column separating methanol, ethanol, propanol, and n-butanol. We use a control structure with four temperature controllers and show that it can handle feed rate disturbances as well as set point changes. The experiments compare well with an equilibrium stage model.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie301432z

[article] Steady state and dynamic operation of four-product dividing-wall (Kaibel) columns : Experimental verification [texte imprimé] / Deeptanshu Dwivedi, Auteur ; Jens P. Strandberg, Auteur ; Ivar J. Halvorsen, Auteur . - 2013 . - pp. 15696–15709.
Industrial chemistry
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 48 (Décembre 2012) . - pp. 15696–15709

Mots-clés :	Dynamic  Energy
Résumé :	Control and operation of energy-efficient dividing-wall columns can be challenging. This paper demonstrates experimentally the start-up and steady state operation of a four-product Kaibel column separating methanol, ethanol, propanol, and n-butanol. We use a control structure with four temperature controllers and show that it can handle feed rate disturbances as well as set point changes. The experiments compare well with an equilibrium stage model.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie301432z

[article] 
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 48 (Décembre 2012) . - pp. 15683–15695

Titre :	Two-point temperature control structure selection for dividing-wall distillation columns
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Kwangil Kim, Auteur ; Moonyong Lee, Auteur ; Sunwon Park, Auteur
Année de publication :	2013
Article en page(s) :	pp. 15683–15695
Note générale :	Industrial chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Distillation  column  Temperature  control
Résumé :	Two-point temperature control structures of dividing-wall columns (DWCs) were investigated to overcome difficulties arising from their complicated natures. The control performance of DWCs was assessed for nine different feed conditions characterized by the composition of an intermediate component and their relative volatility. Steady-state and dynamic simulations were performed to analyze the closed-loop responses for various two-point temperature control structures of DWCs. It is shown that proper control strategies depend strongly on feed characteristics, particularly on the relative volatilities of the feed components. Control structure evaluations follow from the rigorous simulations, and basic guidelines for selecting proper control structures for DWCs are proposed in relation to the feed conditions.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=26710605

[article] Two-point temperature control structure selection for dividing-wall distillation columns [texte imprimé] / Kwangil Kim, Auteur ; Moonyong Lee, Auteur ; Sunwon Park, Auteur . - 2013 . - pp. 15683–15695.
Industrial chemistry
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 48 (Décembre 2012) . - pp. 15683–15695

Mots-clés :	Distillation  column  Temperature  control
Résumé :	Two-point temperature control structures of dividing-wall columns (DWCs) were investigated to overcome difficulties arising from their complicated natures. The control performance of DWCs was assessed for nine different feed conditions characterized by the composition of an intermediate component and their relative volatility. Steady-state and dynamic simulations were performed to analyze the closed-loop responses for various two-point temperature control structures of DWCs. It is shown that proper control strategies depend strongly on feed characteristics, particularly on the relative volatilities of the feed components. Control structure evaluations follow from the rigorous simulations, and basic guidelines for selecting proper control structures for DWCs are proposed in relation to the feed conditions.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=26710605

[article] 
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 48 (Décembre 2012) . - pp. 15665-15682

Titre :	Modeling, simulation, and optimization of postcombustion CO2 capture for variable feed concentration and flow rate : . 2. Pressure swing adsorption and vacuum swing adsorption processes
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	M. M. Faruque Hasan, Auteur ; Richard C. Baliban, Auteur ; Josephine A. Elia, Auteur
Année de publication :	2013
Article en page(s) :	pp. 15665-15682
Note générale :	Industrial chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Vacuum  swing  adsorption  Pressure  swing  adsorption  Optimization  Carbon  dioxide  Modeling
Résumé :	This paper reports studies on CO2 capture technologies and presents the mathematical modeling, simulation, and optimization of adsorption-based process alternatives, namely, pressure swing adsorption (PSA) and vacuum swing adsorption (VSA). Each technology includes feed dehydration, capture of at least 90% of CO2 from the feed, and compression to almost pure CO2 for sequestration at 150 bar. Each process alternative is optimized over a range of feed CO2 compositions and flow rates. A superstructure of alternatives is developed to select the optimum dehydration strategy for feed to each process. A four-step process with pressurization, adsorption in multiple columns packed with 13X zeolite, N2 purging, and product recovery at moderate to low vacuum is configured. A nonlinear algebraic and partial differential equation (NAPDE) based nonisothermal adsorption model is used, which is fully discretized and solved via a kriging model. Explicit expressions for costs as functions of feed flow rate and CO2 composition are also developed for the PSA- and VSA-based CO2 capture and compression for the first time. Furthermore, a cost-based comparison of four leading CO2 capture technologies, namely, absorption-, membrane-, PSA-, and VSA-based processes, is presented over a range of flue gas compositions and flow rates. This enables selection of the most cost-effective CO2 capture and storage (CCS) technology for diverse emission scenarios. Results indicate that CO2 can be captured with the least cost using a MEA-based chemical absorption when the feed CO2 composition is less than 15―20%. For higher CO2 compositions, VSA is the preferred process.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=26710604

[article] Modeling, simulation, and optimization of postcombustion CO2 capture for variable feed concentration and flow rate : . 2. Pressure swing adsorption and vacuum swing adsorption processes [texte imprimé] / M. M. Faruque Hasan, Auteur ; Richard C. Baliban, Auteur ; Josephine A. Elia, Auteur . - 2013 . - pp. 15665-15682.
Industrial chemistry
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 48 (Décembre 2012) . - pp. 15665-15682

Mots-clés :	Vacuum  swing  adsorption  Pressure  swing  adsorption  Optimization  Carbon  dioxide  Modeling
Résumé :	This paper reports studies on CO2 capture technologies and presents the mathematical modeling, simulation, and optimization of adsorption-based process alternatives, namely, pressure swing adsorption (PSA) and vacuum swing adsorption (VSA). Each technology includes feed dehydration, capture of at least 90% of CO2 from the feed, and compression to almost pure CO2 for sequestration at 150 bar. Each process alternative is optimized over a range of feed CO2 compositions and flow rates. A superstructure of alternatives is developed to select the optimum dehydration strategy for feed to each process. A four-step process with pressurization, adsorption in multiple columns packed with 13X zeolite, N2 purging, and product recovery at moderate to low vacuum is configured. A nonlinear algebraic and partial differential equation (NAPDE) based nonisothermal adsorption model is used, which is fully discretized and solved via a kriging model. Explicit expressions for costs as functions of feed flow rate and CO2 composition are also developed for the PSA- and VSA-based CO2 capture and compression for the first time. Furthermore, a cost-based comparison of four leading CO2 capture technologies, namely, absorption-, membrane-, PSA-, and VSA-based processes, is presented over a range of flue gas compositions and flow rates. This enables selection of the most cost-effective CO2 capture and storage (CCS) technology for diverse emission scenarios. Results indicate that CO2 can be captured with the least cost using a MEA-based chemical absorption when the feed CO2 composition is less than 15―20%. For higher CO2 compositions, VSA is the preferred process.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=26710604

[article] 
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 48 (Décembre 2012) . - pp. 15642–15664

Titre :	Modeling, simulation, and optimization of postcombustion CO2 capture for variable feed concentration and flow rate : . 1. Chemical absorption and membrane processes
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	M. M. Faruque Hasan, Auteur ; Richard C. Baliban, Auteur ; Josephine A. Elia, Auteur
Année de publication :	2013
Article en page(s) :	pp. 15642–15664
Note générale :	Industrial chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Optimization  Postcombustion  CO2
Résumé :	Studies on leading technologies for industrial CO2 capture are performed. Each technology includes flue gas dehydration, capture of at least 90% of CO2 from the feed, and compression to almost pure CO2 for sequestration at 150 bar. This paper presents the modeling, simulation, optimization, and energy integration of a monoethanolamine (MEA)-based chemical absorption process and a multistage membrane process over a range of feed compositions (1–70% CO2, 5.5–15% H2O, 5.5% O2, and the balance N2) and flow rates (0.1, 1, 5, and 10 kmol/s). A superstructure of process alternatives is developed to select the optimum dehydration strategy for the feed to each process. A rigorous simulation-based optimization model is proposed to determine the minimum annualized cost of the MEA-absorption process. The MEA-absorption process is energy integrated through heat exchanger network optimization. A novel mathematical model is developed for the optimization of multistage and multicomponent separation of CO2 using membranes, which can be also used for a range of membrane-based gas separation applications. The results showing the optimum investment, operating, and total costs provide a quantitative approach toward technology comparison and scaling up the absorption- and membrane-based CO2 capture from various CO2 emitting industries. Explicit expressions for the investment and operating costs of each alternative postcombustion CO2 capture process as functions of feed flow rate and CO2 composition are also developed for the first time. This may assist the decision-makers in selecting the cost-appropriate technology for comprehensive carbon management by taking the diverse emission scenarios into consideration.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie301571d

[article] Modeling, simulation, and optimization of postcombustion CO2 capture for variable feed concentration and flow rate : . 1. Chemical absorption and membrane processes [texte imprimé] / M. M. Faruque Hasan, Auteur ; Richard C. Baliban, Auteur ; Josephine A. Elia, Auteur . - 2013 . - pp. 15642–15664.
Industrial chemistry
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 48 (Décembre 2012) . - pp. 15642–15664

Mots-clés :	Optimization  Postcombustion  CO2
Résumé :	Studies on leading technologies for industrial CO2 capture are performed. Each technology includes flue gas dehydration, capture of at least 90% of CO2 from the feed, and compression to almost pure CO2 for sequestration at 150 bar. This paper presents the modeling, simulation, optimization, and energy integration of a monoethanolamine (MEA)-based chemical absorption process and a multistage membrane process over a range of feed compositions (1–70% CO2, 5.5–15% H2O, 5.5% O2, and the balance N2) and flow rates (0.1, 1, 5, and 10 kmol/s). A superstructure of process alternatives is developed to select the optimum dehydration strategy for the feed to each process. A rigorous simulation-based optimization model is proposed to determine the minimum annualized cost of the MEA-absorption process. The MEA-absorption process is energy integrated through heat exchanger network optimization. A novel mathematical model is developed for the optimization of multistage and multicomponent separation of CO2 using membranes, which can be also used for a range of membrane-based gas separation applications. The results showing the optimum investment, operating, and total costs provide a quantitative approach toward technology comparison and scaling up the absorption- and membrane-based CO2 capture from various CO2 emitting industries. Explicit expressions for the investment and operating costs of each alternative postcombustion CO2 capture process as functions of feed flow rate and CO2 composition are also developed for the first time. This may assist the decision-makers in selecting the cost-appropriate technology for comprehensive carbon management by taking the diverse emission scenarios into consideration.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie301571d

[article] 
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 48 (Décembre 2012) . - pp. 15633-15641

Titre :	CuCl2 nanoparticles dispersed in activated carbon fibers for the oxygen production step of the Cu–Cl thermochemical water splitting cycle
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Bhaskar Bhaduri, Auteur ; Yogendra Nath Prajapati, Auteur ; Ashutosh Sharma, Auteur
Année de publication :	2013
Article en page(s) :	pp. 15633-15641
Note générale :	Industrail chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Production  Carbon  fiber  Activated  carbon  Nanoparticle
Résumé :	The thermochemical copper-chlorine (Cu―Cl) cycle is a promising method for the production of hydrogen and oxygen. It consists of four steps: chlorination, disproportionation, oxychlorination, and decomposition. In this study, we focused on the last two steps. A novel dispersion of CuCl2 nanoparticles (∼90 nm) in activated carbon microfibers (ACFs) was prepared and used for the production of oxygen through the oxychlorination of CuCl2 with steam, which was followed by the decomposition of the oxychlorinated product. The CuCl2-ACFs were prepared using the wet incipience impregnation method. After calcination of the impregnated ACF, CuCl2 nanoparticles were produced in situ on the ACF. The production rate of O2 was found to be 2.7 × 10―6 mol/g·s, which is significantly higher than the data reported in the literature. The CuCl2-ACFs prepared in this study are a potential candidate for the O2 production step of the thermochemical Cu―Cl cycle.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=26710602

[article] CuCl2 nanoparticles dispersed in activated carbon fibers for the oxygen production step of the Cu–Cl thermochemical water splitting cycle [texte imprimé] / Bhaskar Bhaduri, Auteur ; Yogendra Nath Prajapati, Auteur ; Ashutosh Sharma, Auteur . - 2013 . - pp. 15633-15641.
Industrail chemistry
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 48 (Décembre 2012) . - pp. 15633-15641

Mots-clés :	Production  Carbon  fiber  Activated  carbon  Nanoparticle
Résumé :	The thermochemical copper-chlorine (Cu―Cl) cycle is a promising method for the production of hydrogen and oxygen. It consists of four steps: chlorination, disproportionation, oxychlorination, and decomposition. In this study, we focused on the last two steps. A novel dispersion of CuCl2 nanoparticles (∼90 nm) in activated carbon microfibers (ACFs) was prepared and used for the production of oxygen through the oxychlorination of CuCl2 with steam, which was followed by the decomposition of the oxychlorinated product. The CuCl2-ACFs were prepared using the wet incipience impregnation method. After calcination of the impregnated ACF, CuCl2 nanoparticles were produced in situ on the ACF. The production rate of O2 was found to be 2.7 × 10―6 mol/g·s, which is significantly higher than the data reported in the literature. The CuCl2-ACFs prepared in this study are a potential candidate for the O2 production step of the thermochemical Cu―Cl cycle.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=26710602

[article] 
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 48 (Décembre 2012) . - pp. 15626–15632

Titre :	Catalytic activity of green and recyclable nanometric tin oxide-doped silica nanospheres in the synthesis of imines
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	G. Gnana kumar, Auteur ; C. Joseph Kirubaharan, Auteur ; Ae Rhan Kim, Auteur
Année de publication :	2013
Article en page(s) :	pp. 15626–15632
Note générale :	Industrial chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Nanometric  Silica  Nanospheres
Résumé :	Nanometric tin oxide particles were effectively doped over silica nanospheres without any free zones via sol–gel technique in an aqueous medium. X-ray diffraction pattern of the prepared composite specifies the formation of amorphous and cassiterite character of the silica and tin oxide particles, respectively. High thermal stability of the prepared materials substantiated ceramic properties of the prepared nanomaterials and has an influence on decreasing the reaction temperature of organic reactions. High surface area associated with prompt porosity values and their solubility in variety of solvents favors the catalytic activity of the prepared nanomaterials in imine formation reactions. The ease of recovery, excellent product yield, and intrinsic stability of the catalyst make this protocol economical and sustainable.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie302301p

[article] Catalytic activity of green and recyclable nanometric tin oxide-doped silica nanospheres in the synthesis of imines [texte imprimé] / G. Gnana kumar, Auteur ; C. Joseph Kirubaharan, Auteur ; Ae Rhan Kim, Auteur . - 2013 . - pp. 15626–15632.
Industrial chemistry
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 48 (Décembre 2012) . - pp. 15626–15632

Mots-clés :	Nanometric  Silica  Nanospheres
Résumé :	Nanometric tin oxide particles were effectively doped over silica nanospheres without any free zones via sol–gel technique in an aqueous medium. X-ray diffraction pattern of the prepared composite specifies the formation of amorphous and cassiterite character of the silica and tin oxide particles, respectively. High thermal stability of the prepared materials substantiated ceramic properties of the prepared nanomaterials and has an influence on decreasing the reaction temperature of organic reactions. High surface area associated with prompt porosity values and their solubility in variety of solvents favors the catalytic activity of the prepared nanomaterials in imine formation reactions. The ease of recovery, excellent product yield, and intrinsic stability of the catalyst make this protocol economical and sustainable.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie302301p

[article] 
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 48 (Décembre 2012) . - pp. 15618–15625

Titre :	Adsorption of iron and lead ions from an aqueous solution by plasma-modified activated carbon
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	ChangMing Du, Auteur ; Hui Liu, Auteur ; MuDan Xiao, Auteur
Année de publication :	2013
Article en page(s) :	pp. 15618–15625
Note générale :	Industrial chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Adsorption  Iron
Résumé :	The adsorption properties of gliding arc discharge (GAD) plasma-modified granular activated carbon (AC) were studied with Pb2+, Fe2+, Ni2+, and Cu2+ solutions selected as components of the target wastewater. The physical and chemical properties of the surface of modified AC were monitored by scanning electron microscopy, elemental analysis, and automatic surface area and pore size analysis. The adsorbance of metal ions was measured by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The adsorbance of Fe2+ and Pb2+ increased with GAD modification time, whereas the adsorbance of Ni2+ and Cu2+ barely changed over time. The optimum modification time and gas flow rate were found to be 30 min and 0.9 L/min, respectively. The adsorption mode of Pb2+ or Fe2+ by AC with a modification time of 30 min was monolayer adsorption. The adsorption kinetics of Fe2+ and Pb2+ on AC can be better described by a pseudo-first-order kinetic model.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie302011n

[article] Adsorption of iron and lead ions from an aqueous solution by plasma-modified activated carbon [texte imprimé] / ChangMing Du, Auteur ; Hui Liu, Auteur ; MuDan Xiao, Auteur . - 2013 . - pp. 15618–15625.
Industrial chemistry
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 48 (Décembre 2012) . - pp. 15618–15625

Mots-clés :	Adsorption  Iron
Résumé :	The adsorption properties of gliding arc discharge (GAD) plasma-modified granular activated carbon (AC) were studied with Pb2+, Fe2+, Ni2+, and Cu2+ solutions selected as components of the target wastewater. The physical and chemical properties of the surface of modified AC were monitored by scanning electron microscopy, elemental analysis, and automatic surface area and pore size analysis. The adsorbance of metal ions was measured by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The adsorbance of Fe2+ and Pb2+ increased with GAD modification time, whereas the adsorbance of Ni2+ and Cu2+ barely changed over time. The optimum modification time and gas flow rate were found to be 30 min and 0.9 L/min, respectively. The adsorption mode of Pb2+ or Fe2+ by AC with a modification time of 30 min was monolayer adsorption. The adsorption kinetics of Fe2+ and Pb2+ on AC can be better described by a pseudo-first-order kinetic model.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie302011n

[article] 
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 48 (Décembre 2012) . - pp. 15610-15617

Titre :	Thermostable microspheres consisting of poly(N-phenylmaleimide-co-α-methyl styrene) prepared by precipitation polymerization
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Yu Chen, Auteur ; Linyue Tong, Auteur ; Dongyue Zhang, Auteur
Année de publication :	2013
Article en page(s) :	pp. 15610-15617
Note générale :	Industrial chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Polymerization  Microsphere
Résumé :	General polymeric microspheres are not satisfactorily thermostable. This article reports on an unprecedented type of poly(N-phenylmaleimide-co-α-methyl styrene) [denoted as poly(N-PMI-co-AMS)] microspheres showing remarkable thermal stability. The microspheres were prepared by free-radical precipitation polymerization in a solvent mixture consisting of methyl ethyl ketone (favorable solvent) and heptane (unfavorable solvent). Microspheres of good morphology and narrow size distribution were obtained in high yield (>85%) under appropriate conditions. Growth of poly(N-PMI-co-AMS) microspheres was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The microspheres, although without cross-linking, exhibited excellent thermal stability, and their decomposition temperature was up to about 370 °C. This feature cannot be achieved in typical polymeric microspheres. Also, notably, this is the first precipitation polymerization of maleimide and AMS and their derivatives for preparing microspheres. The present novel microspheres are expected to find practical applications as novel heat-resistant additives, solid carriers for catalysts, and so on.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=26710599

[article] Thermostable microspheres consisting of poly(N-phenylmaleimide-co-α-methyl styrene) prepared by precipitation polymerization [texte imprimé] / Yu Chen, Auteur ; Linyue Tong, Auteur ; Dongyue Zhang, Auteur . - 2013 . - pp. 15610-15617.
Industrial chemistry
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 48 (Décembre 2012) . - pp. 15610-15617

Mots-clés :	Polymerization  Microsphere
Résumé :	General polymeric microspheres are not satisfactorily thermostable. This article reports on an unprecedented type of poly(N-phenylmaleimide-co-α-methyl styrene) [denoted as poly(N-PMI-co-AMS)] microspheres showing remarkable thermal stability. The microspheres were prepared by free-radical precipitation polymerization in a solvent mixture consisting of methyl ethyl ketone (favorable solvent) and heptane (unfavorable solvent). Microspheres of good morphology and narrow size distribution were obtained in high yield (>85%) under appropriate conditions. Growth of poly(N-PMI-co-AMS) microspheres was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The microspheres, although without cross-linking, exhibited excellent thermal stability, and their decomposition temperature was up to about 370 °C. This feature cannot be achieved in typical polymeric microspheres. Also, notably, this is the first precipitation polymerization of maleimide and AMS and their derivatives for preparing microspheres. The present novel microspheres are expected to find practical applications as novel heat-resistant additives, solid carriers for catalysts, and so on.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=26710599

[article] 
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 48 (Décembre 2012) . - pp. 15601-15609

Titre :	Correlation between the adsorption of the fluorocarbon surfactants at the polymer–solution and solution–air interfaces and the parameter of the interfacial interaction
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Katarzyna Szymczyk, Auteur
Année de publication :	2013
Article en page(s) :	pp. 15601-15609
Note générale :	Industrial chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Polymer  solutions  Surfactant  Adsorption  Correlation  analysis  Correlation
Résumé :	Using the literature data of the surface tension and contact angle of the fluorocarbon surfactants Zonyl FSN-100 (FSO100) and Zonyl FSO-100 (FSO100) on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), the values of the interfacial tension at the PTFE/PMMA―solution interface were calculated. Because of the possibility of the existence of the surfactant film on the PMMA surface, these calculations for PMMA were performed in two ways, that is with the assumption that the surface tension of PMMA is constant and that it is changed proportionally to the values of the surface tension of aqueous solution of surfactants. Next, the values of the Gibbs surface excess concentration, activity, and monomer mole fraction of the studied surfactants at the PTFE/PMMA―solution interface were determined and correlated with the Lucassen-Reynders equation. Also the values of the parameter of the interfacial interaction were calculated on the basis of the Girifalco and Good and Neumann et al. approaches.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=26710598

[article] Correlation between the adsorption of the fluorocarbon surfactants at the polymer–solution and solution–air interfaces and the parameter of the interfacial interaction [texte imprimé] / Katarzyna Szymczyk, Auteur . - 2013 . - pp. 15601-15609.
Industrial chemistry
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 48 (Décembre 2012) . - pp. 15601-15609

Mots-clés :	Polymer  solutions  Surfactant  Adsorption  Correlation  analysis  Correlation
Résumé :	Using the literature data of the surface tension and contact angle of the fluorocarbon surfactants Zonyl FSN-100 (FSO100) and Zonyl FSO-100 (FSO100) on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), the values of the interfacial tension at the PTFE/PMMA―solution interface were calculated. Because of the possibility of the existence of the surfactant film on the PMMA surface, these calculations for PMMA were performed in two ways, that is with the assumption that the surface tension of PMMA is constant and that it is changed proportionally to the values of the surface tension of aqueous solution of surfactants. Next, the values of the Gibbs surface excess concentration, activity, and monomer mole fraction of the studied surfactants at the PTFE/PMMA―solution interface were determined and correlated with the Lucassen-Reynders equation. Also the values of the parameter of the interfacial interaction were calculated on the basis of the Girifalco and Good and Neumann et al. approaches.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=26710598

[article] 
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 48 (Décembre 2012) . - pp. 15593-15600

Titre :	Facile synthesis and catalytic performance of Fe-containing silica-pillared clay derivatives with ordered interlayer mesoporous structure
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Shengjun Yang, Auteur ; Guozheng Liang, Auteur ; Aijuan Gu, Auteur
Année de publication :	2013
Article en page(s) :	pp. 15593-15600
Note générale :	Industrial chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Pillared  clay  Catalytic  reaction
Résumé :	A facile method was developed to synthesize a series of Fe-incorporated silica-pillared clays (denoted as Fe-SPCs) with various contents of Fe2O3. The synthesis was conducted under alkaline conditions using ethanol as the solvent containing the Fe source and dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride as the structure-directing agent. Characterization results showed that the Fe2O3 content of the Fe-SPCs was as large as 27.03 wt % and that all of the Fe-SPCs had a layered structure similar to that of the original SPC except that some silicone atoms in the tetrahedral coordination of the interlayered silica framework were replaced by Fe atoms. The Fe-SPCs showed excellent catalytic performance and reusability in the oxidative desulfurizations of both coking benzene and dibenzothiophene. A catalytical mechanism is proposed.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=26710597

[article] Facile synthesis and catalytic performance of Fe-containing silica-pillared clay derivatives with ordered interlayer mesoporous structure [texte imprimé] / Shengjun Yang, Auteur ; Guozheng Liang, Auteur ; Aijuan Gu, Auteur . - 2013 . - pp. 15593-15600.
Industrial chemistry
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 48 (Décembre 2012) . - pp. 15593-15600

Mots-clés :	Pillared  clay  Catalytic  reaction
Résumé :	A facile method was developed to synthesize a series of Fe-incorporated silica-pillared clays (denoted as Fe-SPCs) with various contents of Fe2O3. The synthesis was conducted under alkaline conditions using ethanol as the solvent containing the Fe source and dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride as the structure-directing agent. Characterization results showed that the Fe2O3 content of the Fe-SPCs was as large as 27.03 wt % and that all of the Fe-SPCs had a layered structure similar to that of the original SPC except that some silicone atoms in the tetrahedral coordination of the interlayered silica framework were replaced by Fe atoms. The Fe-SPCs showed excellent catalytic performance and reusability in the oxidative desulfurizations of both coking benzene and dibenzothiophene. A catalytical mechanism is proposed.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=26710597

[article] 
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 48 (Décembre 2012) . - pp. 15582-15592

Titre :	A Model development for evaluating soot-NOx interactions in a blended 2-Way diesel particulate filter/selective catalytic reduction
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Soo-Youl Park, Auteur ; Kushal Narayanaswamy, Auteur ; Steven J. Schmieg, Auteur
Année de publication :	2013
Article en page(s) :	pp. 15582-15592
Note générale :	Industrial chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Selective  catalytic  reduction  Soot  Modeling
Résumé :	The 2-way diesel particulate filter/selective catalytic reduction (DPF/SCR) emission reduction system has been considered as a potential candidate for future emission standards owing to its advantages in cost savings and packaging flexibility. For the 2-way device, Cu―zeolite is coated inside the DPF substrate as nitrogen oxide (NOx) reducing (DeNOx) catalytic material. Therefore, when exhaust gas passes through the 2-way device, NOx reduction and soot filtration occur simultaneously. However, the operating characteristics of the combinatorial device might be different from individual DPF and SCR devices. In this work, a previously developed model was improved to include soot filtration and oxidation. The model has been tested and validated with experimental data from a reactor flow bench in a systematic manner and applied to capture the effect of soot deposits on NOx reduction performance in a 2-way DPF/SCR device. Accordingly, the soot oxidation characteristics of a 2-way device are investigated with various feed gas compositions. Then the effect of soot deposit on the SCR reaction is investigated in terms of deterioration of DeNOx performance and the interaction between soot oxidation reactions and DeNOx SCR reactions.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=26710596

[article] A Model development for evaluating soot-NOx interactions in a blended 2-Way diesel particulate filter/selective catalytic reduction [texte imprimé] / Soo-Youl Park, Auteur ; Kushal Narayanaswamy, Auteur ; Steven J. Schmieg, Auteur . - 2013 . - pp. 15582-15592.
Industrial chemistry
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 48 (Décembre 2012) . - pp. 15582-15592

Mots-clés :	Selective  catalytic  reduction  Soot  Modeling
Résumé :	The 2-way diesel particulate filter/selective catalytic reduction (DPF/SCR) emission reduction system has been considered as a potential candidate for future emission standards owing to its advantages in cost savings and packaging flexibility. For the 2-way device, Cu―zeolite is coated inside the DPF substrate as nitrogen oxide (NOx) reducing (DeNOx) catalytic material. Therefore, when exhaust gas passes through the 2-way device, NOx reduction and soot filtration occur simultaneously. However, the operating characteristics of the combinatorial device might be different from individual DPF and SCR devices. In this work, a previously developed model was improved to include soot filtration and oxidation. The model has been tested and validated with experimental data from a reactor flow bench in a systematic manner and applied to capture the effect of soot deposits on NOx reduction performance in a 2-way DPF/SCR device. Accordingly, the soot oxidation characteristics of a 2-way device are investigated with various feed gas compositions. Then the effect of soot deposit on the SCR reaction is investigated in terms of deterioration of DeNOx performance and the interaction between soot oxidation reactions and DeNOx SCR reactions.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=26710596

[article] 
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 48 (Décembre 2012) . - pp. 15573-15581

Titre :	Structure/property relationship for ethylenediamine derivatives as aids in sunless tanning
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	J. O. Carnali, Auteur ; S. A. Madison, Auteur ; P. Shah, Auteur
Année de publication :	2013
Article en page(s) :	pp. 15573-15581
Note générale :	Industrial chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Property  structure  relationship
Résumé :	This report covers an effort to identify adjuvants to the sunless tanning action of dihydroxyacetone. The readily available derivatives of ethylenediamine were systematically studied for their coloration behavior with DHA on synthetic skin, resulting in the following structure/activity relationship: 1) Linear derivatives with each of the amines either primary or secondary with respect to methyl substitution gave very rapid coloration, as did cyclic derivatives in which the ethylenediamine backbone was fully embedded in the ring and both amines are primary or partially embedded with the external amine primary; 2) Stretched derivatives in which the ethylene moiety is changed to propylene or longer gave progressively less coloration; 3) Derivatives of ethylenediamine in which either or both of the amines were tertiary with respect to alkyl substitution yielded no adjuvant action. The observed behavior can be rationalized in terms of the Maillard reaction being a complex network of reactions in which the chemical structure of the adjuvant controls, at least in part, the reaction pathway. For ethylenediamines, it appears that a highly reactive pathway exists which involves a six-membered ring with the amine groups at the 1,4 positions. Thus stretched diamines and tertiary amines are restricted from taking this route.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=26710595

[article] Structure/property relationship for ethylenediamine derivatives as aids in sunless tanning [texte imprimé] / J. O. Carnali, Auteur ; S. A. Madison, Auteur ; P. Shah, Auteur . - 2013 . - pp. 15573-15581.
Industrial chemistry
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 48 (Décembre 2012) . - pp. 15573-15581

Mots-clés :	Property  structure  relationship
Résumé :	This report covers an effort to identify adjuvants to the sunless tanning action of dihydroxyacetone. The readily available derivatives of ethylenediamine were systematically studied for their coloration behavior with DHA on synthetic skin, resulting in the following structure/activity relationship: 1) Linear derivatives with each of the amines either primary or secondary with respect to methyl substitution gave very rapid coloration, as did cyclic derivatives in which the ethylenediamine backbone was fully embedded in the ring and both amines are primary or partially embedded with the external amine primary; 2) Stretched derivatives in which the ethylene moiety is changed to propylene or longer gave progressively less coloration; 3) Derivatives of ethylenediamine in which either or both of the amines were tertiary with respect to alkyl substitution yielded no adjuvant action. The observed behavior can be rationalized in terms of the Maillard reaction being a complex network of reactions in which the chemical structure of the adjuvant controls, at least in part, the reaction pathway. For ethylenediamines, it appears that a highly reactive pathway exists which involves a six-membered ring with the amine groups at the 1,4 positions. Thus stretched diamines and tertiary amines are restricted from taking this route.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=26710595

[article] 
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 48 (Décembre 2012) . - pp. 15564-15572

Titre :	Selectivity tuning options in hydrogenation of m-chloronitrobenzene to m-chloroaniline over mono- and bimetallic supported Pt catalysts
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Rasika B. Mane, Auteur ; Aparna S. Potdar, Auteur ; Jayprakash M. Nadgeri, Auteur
Année de publication :	2013
Article en page(s) :	pp. 15564-15572
Note générale :	Industrial chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Catalyst  Hydrogenation
Résumé :	Supported monometallic (Pt, Ni,) and bimetallic (Ni―Pt) catalysts were prepared for the selective liquid phase nydrogenation ot m-chlronitrobenzene to m-chloroaniline (m-CAN). It was found that the use of sodium carbonate as an additive substantially reduced the extent of dehydrohalogenation in the case of monometallic, 1% Pt/C catalyst, to give the highest selectivity of 96% to m-CAN. Ni—Pt bimetallic catalyst although showed almost complete selectivity (>99%) to mchloroaniline; its activity was several fold lower than that of 1% Pt/C―Na2CO3 system. However, compared with Ni monometallic catalyst, bimetallic Ni-Pt showed higher activity and selectivity due to the presence of electron rich surface metallic Pt stabilized by Ni having lower ionization potential compared with Pt.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=26710594

[article] Selectivity tuning options in hydrogenation of m-chloronitrobenzene to m-chloroaniline over mono- and bimetallic supported Pt catalysts [texte imprimé] / Rasika B. Mane, Auteur ; Aparna S. Potdar, Auteur ; Jayprakash M. Nadgeri, Auteur . - 2013 . - pp. 15564-15572.
Industrial chemistry
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 48 (Décembre 2012) . - pp. 15564-15572

Mots-clés :	Catalyst  Hydrogenation
Résumé :	Supported monometallic (Pt, Ni,) and bimetallic (Ni―Pt) catalysts were prepared for the selective liquid phase nydrogenation ot m-chlronitrobenzene to m-chloroaniline (m-CAN). It was found that the use of sodium carbonate as an additive substantially reduced the extent of dehydrohalogenation in the case of monometallic, 1% Pt/C catalyst, to give the highest selectivity of 96% to m-CAN. Ni—Pt bimetallic catalyst although showed almost complete selectivity (>99%) to mchloroaniline; its activity was several fold lower than that of 1% Pt/C―Na2CO3 system. However, compared with Ni monometallic catalyst, bimetallic Ni-Pt showed higher activity and selectivity due to the presence of electron rich surface metallic Pt stabilized by Ni having lower ionization potential compared with Pt.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=26710594

[article] 
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 48 (Décembre 2012) . - pp. 15557-15563

Titre :	Stability of palladium-polypyrrole-foam nickel electrode and its electrocatalytic hydrodechlorination for dichlorophenol isomers
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Junjing Li, Auteur ; Huiling Liu, Auteur ; Xiuwen Cheng, Auteur
Année de publication :	2013
Article en page(s) :	pp. 15557-15563
Note générale :	Industrial chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Isomer  Electrocatalysis  Electrodes  Foam  Stability
Résumé :	Palladium-polypyrrole-foam nickel composite electrode (Pd/PPY(PTS)/Ni) was prepared through electrodeposited of palladium nanoparticles onto preformed electrodes (surface of electrodes was coated with potentiostatic electropolymerized polypyrrole). The stability of the fresh and used composite electrode was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It was found that the surface state, morphology, and crystalline structure of the composite electrode were stable after 5 recycle uses. Electrocatalytic activity of the composite electrode was evaluated for the hydrodechlorination (ECH) of six kinds of dichlorophenols (DCPs). Results indicated that 2,4-DCP showed higher hydrodechlorination rate. Further, the pathway of electrochemical hydrodechlorination of six kinds of dichlorophenol isomers was investigated.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=26710593

[article] Stability of palladium-polypyrrole-foam nickel electrode and its electrocatalytic hydrodechlorination for dichlorophenol isomers [texte imprimé] / Junjing Li, Auteur ; Huiling Liu, Auteur ; Xiuwen Cheng, Auteur . - 2013 . - pp. 15557-15563.
Industrial chemistry
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 48 (Décembre 2012) . - pp. 15557-15563

Mots-clés :	Isomer  Electrocatalysis  Electrodes  Foam  Stability
Résumé :	Palladium-polypyrrole-foam nickel composite electrode (Pd/PPY(PTS)/Ni) was prepared through electrodeposited of palladium nanoparticles onto preformed electrodes (surface of electrodes was coated with potentiostatic electropolymerized polypyrrole). The stability of the fresh and used composite electrode was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It was found that the surface state, morphology, and crystalline structure of the composite electrode were stable after 5 recycle uses. Electrocatalytic activity of the composite electrode was evaluated for the hydrodechlorination (ECH) of six kinds of dichlorophenols (DCPs). Results indicated that 2,4-DCP showed higher hydrodechlorination rate. Further, the pathway of electrochemical hydrodechlorination of six kinds of dichlorophenol isomers was investigated.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=26710593

[article] 
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 48 (Décembre 2012) . - pp. 15546–15556

Titre :	Carboxymethyl Tamarind-g-poly(acrylamide)/Silica : A high performance hybrid nanocomposite for adsorption of methylene blue dye
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Sagar Pal, Auteur ; S. Ghorai, Auteur ; S. Samrat, Auteur
Année de publication :	2013
Article en page(s) :	pp. 15546–15556
Note générale :	Industrial chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Carboxymethyl  Adsorption
Résumé :	Here, synthesis of an efficient nanocomposite based on a polyacrylamide grafted carboxymethyl tamarind (CMT-g-PAM) and a SiO2 nanoparticle is presented. The synthesized nanocomposites are characterized using FT-IR, SEM, TEM, 13C NMR, elemental analysis, viscosity, rheological measurement, and molecular weight determination. Various characterizations reveal the existence of an excellent polymer matrix–nanoparticle interaction, which is at a maximum when 1.5 wt % of SiO2 is introduced in the polymer matrix (i.e., CMT-g-PAM/SiO2-3). Nanocomposites show tremendous methylene blue (MB) dye adsorption capacity, because of their higher hydrodynamic radius as well as hydrodynamic volume, which originates from proper polymer matrix–SiO2 nanoparticle interaction. CMT-g-PAM/SiO2-3 exhibited a maximum adsorption capacity (Qmax) of 43.859 mg·g–1. The adsorption behavior of the nanocomposite shows that adsorption kinetics and isotherms are in good agreement with pseudo-second-order and Langmuir equations, respectively. Negative values of ΔG° confirmed the spontaneous nature of adsorption. Further, desorption experiments affirmed that the developed nanocomposite has excellent regenerative efficacy.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie301134a

[article] Carboxymethyl Tamarind-g-poly(acrylamide)/Silica : A high performance hybrid nanocomposite for adsorption of methylene blue dye [texte imprimé] / Sagar Pal, Auteur ; S. Ghorai, Auteur ; S. Samrat, Auteur . - 2013 . - pp. 15546–15556.
Industrial chemistry
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 48 (Décembre 2012) . - pp. 15546–15556

Mots-clés :	Carboxymethyl  Adsorption
Résumé :	Here, synthesis of an efficient nanocomposite based on a polyacrylamide grafted carboxymethyl tamarind (CMT-g-PAM) and a SiO2 nanoparticle is presented. The synthesized nanocomposites are characterized using FT-IR, SEM, TEM, 13C NMR, elemental analysis, viscosity, rheological measurement, and molecular weight determination. Various characterizations reveal the existence of an excellent polymer matrix–nanoparticle interaction, which is at a maximum when 1.5 wt % of SiO2 is introduced in the polymer matrix (i.e., CMT-g-PAM/SiO2-3). Nanocomposites show tremendous methylene blue (MB) dye adsorption capacity, because of their higher hydrodynamic radius as well as hydrodynamic volume, which originates from proper polymer matrix–SiO2 nanoparticle interaction. CMT-g-PAM/SiO2-3 exhibited a maximum adsorption capacity (Qmax) of 43.859 mg·g–1. The adsorption behavior of the nanocomposite shows that adsorption kinetics and isotherms are in good agreement with pseudo-second-order and Langmuir equations, respectively. Negative values of ΔG° confirmed the spontaneous nature of adsorption. Further, desorption experiments affirmed that the developed nanocomposite has excellent regenerative efficacy.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie301134a

[article] 
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 48 (Décembre 2012) . - pp. 15537–15545

Titre :	Thermal degradation of carboxymethyl starch–g-poly(lactic acid) copolymer by TG–FTIR–MS analysis
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Nita Tudorachi, Auteur ; Rodica Lipsa, Auteur ; Fanica R. Mustata, Auteur
Année de publication :	2013
Article en page(s) :	pp. 15537–15545
Note générale :	Industrial chemistry
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Mots-clés :	Carboxymethyl  starch
Résumé :	In this study, carboxymethyl starch (CMS) was grafted with l(+)-lactic acid (LA) in a CMS/LA molar ratio of 1/36, resulting in the CMS–g-PLA copolymer. The grafting reaction was carried out via a solution polycondensation procedure, in the presence of stannous 2-ethyl hexanoate [Sn(Oct)2] as a catalyst. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) was synthesized under the same conditions with the copolymer, for comparative analyses of the thermal properties. The CMS–g-PLA copolymer, CMS, and PLA were structurally characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, while thermal degradation products were characterized by thermogravimetry analysis coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (TG–FTIR–MS). The thermal degradation was achieved in a nitrogen atmosphere, in a temperature interval of 30–600 °C. The thermal degradation of CMS and PLA was studied under the same conditions to highlight the products resulted by the thermal decomposition of CMS–g-PLA copolymer. By processing the achieved data via thermal degradation at three different heating speeds (5, 7.5, and 10 °C min–1) and using the multivariate nonlinear regression method (MNLR), the kinetic parameters were determined. The dependence of the activation energy of the degradation process versus the extent of conversion was evaluated using the Friedman and Ozawa–Flynn–Wall model-free analyses. This variation suggests that the degradation process is a complex one and can be divided in one or two steps, depending on the chemical structure of the compounds. The kinetic parameters and the most probable thermal degradation mechanisms were given.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie300625c

[article] Thermal degradation of carboxymethyl starch–g-poly(lactic acid) copolymer by TG–FTIR–MS analysis [texte imprimé] / Nita Tudorachi, Auteur ; Rodica Lipsa, Auteur ; Fanica R. Mustata, Auteur . - 2013 . - pp. 15537–15545.
Industrial chemistry
Langues : Anglais (eng)
in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 48 (Décembre 2012) . - pp. 15537–15545

Mots-clés :	Carboxymethyl  starch
Résumé :	In this study, carboxymethyl starch (CMS) was grafted with l(+)-lactic acid (LA) in a CMS/LA molar ratio of 1/36, resulting in the CMS–g-PLA copolymer. The grafting reaction was carried out via a solution polycondensation procedure, in the presence of stannous 2-ethyl hexanoate [Sn(Oct)2] as a catalyst. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) was synthesized under the same conditions with the copolymer, for comparative analyses of the thermal properties. The CMS–g-PLA copolymer, CMS, and PLA were structurally characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, while thermal degradation products were characterized by thermogravimetry analysis coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (TG–FTIR–MS). The thermal degradation was achieved in a nitrogen atmosphere, in a temperature interval of 30–600 °C. The thermal degradation of CMS and PLA was studied under the same conditions to highlight the products resulted by the thermal decomposition of CMS–g-PLA copolymer. By processing the achieved data via thermal degradation at three different heating speeds (5, 7.5, and 10 °C min–1) and using the multivariate nonlinear regression method (MNLR), the kinetic parameters were determined. The dependence of the activation energy of the degradation process versus the extent of conversion was evaluated using the Friedman and Ozawa–Flynn–Wall model-free analyses. This variation suggests that the degradation process is a complex one and can be divided in one or two steps, depending on the chemical structure of the compounds. The kinetic parameters and the most probable thermal degradation mechanisms were given.
ISSN :	0888-5885
En ligne :	http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie300625c