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Air-side performance of a parallel-flow parallel-fin (PF2) heat exchanger in sequential frosting / Ping Zhang in International journal of refrigeration, Vol. 33 N° 6 (Septembre 2010) 

Public ISBD [article]  in International journal of refrigeration > Vol. 33 N° 6 (Septembre 2010) . - pp. 1118-1128 Titre : Air-side performance of a parallel-flow parallel-fin (PF2) heat exchanger in sequential frosting Titre original : Performance côté air d'un échangeur de chaleur à écoulement parallèle aux ailettes parallèles sous des conditions de givrage séquentiel Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Ping Zhang, Auteur ; P. S. Hrnjak, Auteur Année de publication : 2010 Article en page(s) : pp. 1118-1128 Note générale : Génie Mécanique Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Heat  exchanger  Finned  tube  Parallel  flow  Frosting  Defrosting  Heat  transfer  Pressure  drop  Performance Index. décimale : 621.5 Energie pneumatique. Machinerie et outils. Réfrigération Résumé : The thermal-hydraulic performance in periodic frosting conditions is experimentally studied for the parallel-flow parallel-fin heat exchanger, henceforth referred to as a PF2 heat exchanger, a new style of heat exchanger that uses louvered bent fins on flat tubes to enhance water drainage when the flat tubes are horizontal. Typically, it takes a few frosting/defrosting cycles to come to repeatable conditions. The criterion for the initiation of defrost and a sufficiently long defrost period are determined for the test PF2 heat exchanger and test condition. The effects of blower operation on the pressure drop, frost accumulation, water retention, and capacity in time are compared under the conditions of 15 sequential frosting cycles. Pressure drop across the heat exchanger and overall heat transfer coefficient are quantified under frost conditions as functions of the air humidity and air face velocity. The performances of two types of flat-tube heat exchangers, PF2 heat exchanger and conventional parallel-flow serpentine-fin (PFSF) heat exchanger, are compared and the results obtained are presented. DEWEY : 621.5 ISSN : 0140-7007 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140700710000812 [article] Air-side performance of a parallel-flow parallel-fin (PF2) heat exchanger in sequential frosting = Performance côté air d'un échangeur de chaleur à écoulement parallèle aux ailettes parallèles sous des conditions de givrage séquentiel [texte imprimé] / Ping Zhang, Auteur ; P. S. Hrnjak, Auteur . - 2010 . - pp. 1118-1128. Génie Mécanique Langues : Anglais (eng) in International journal of refrigeration > Vol. 33 N° 6 (Septembre 2010) . - pp. 1118-1128 Mots-clés : Heat  exchanger  Finned  tube  Parallel  flow  Frosting  Defrosting  Heat  transfer  Pressure  drop  Performance Index. décimale : 621.5 Energie pneumatique. Machinerie et outils. Réfrigération Résumé : The thermal-hydraulic performance in periodic frosting conditions is experimentally studied for the parallel-flow parallel-fin heat exchanger, henceforth referred to as a PF2 heat exchanger, a new style of heat exchanger that uses louvered bent fins on flat tubes to enhance water drainage when the flat tubes are horizontal. Typically, it takes a few frosting/defrosting cycles to come to repeatable conditions. The criterion for the initiation of defrost and a sufficiently long defrost period are determined for the test PF2 heat exchanger and test condition. The effects of blower operation on the pressure drop, frost accumulation, water retention, and capacity in time are compared under the conditions of 15 sequential frosting cycles. Pressure drop across the heat exchanger and overall heat transfer coefficient are quantified under frost conditions as functions of the air humidity and air face velocity. The performances of two types of flat-tube heat exchangers, PF2 heat exchanger and conventional parallel-flow serpentine-fin (PFSF) heat exchanger, are compared and the results obtained are presented. DEWEY : 621.5 ISSN : 0140-7007 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140700710000812

Compound of nickel phosphate with Ni(OH)(PO4)2― layers and synergistic application with intumescent flame retardants in thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer / Xueying Shan in Industrial & engineering chemistry research, Vol. 50 N° 12 (Juin 2011) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 50 N° 12 (Juin 2011) . - pp. 7201-7209 Titre : Compound of nickel phosphate with Ni(OH)(PO4)2― layers and synergistic application with intumescent flame retardants in thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Xueying Shan, Auteur ; Ping Zhang, Auteur ; Lei Song, Auteur Année de publication : 2011 Article en page(s) : pp. 7201-7209 Note générale : Chimie industrielle Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Flame  retardant  Synergism Résumé : In this paper, a new method was used to prepare flame retardant thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer (TPU). Nickel phosphate with Ni(OH)(PO4)2― layers, Na(H3O)2{Ni4(OH)4(HPO4)3(H2PO4)} (NaNiP), was prepared by a hydrothermal method, and it was added to the TPU and intumescent flame retardant (IFR) system. The synergistic effect between NaNiP and IFR was studied. With the addition of 1 wt % NaNiP, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of the TPU/ IFR system was increased from 27 to 32%. The UL-94 tests showed that TPU containing 20 wt % IFR had no rating, but TPU with 19 wt % IFR and 1 wt % NaNiP could reach the V-0 rating. The results of thermogravimetric analysis/infrared spectrometry (TGA―IR) showed that NaNiP could delay volatilized products in TPU/IFR system. Laser Raman spectroscopy (LRS) of residual char indicated that the ordered carbon was increased with the addition of 1 wt % NaNiP, and the content ratio of ordered carbon in outer char was larger than that in inner char. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated that NaNiP could help the TPU/IFR system form a dense and intumescent char layer. Therefore, a just-right formulation between IFR and NaNiP in TPU showed optimal synergistic effect. The synergistic mechanism was also proposed in this paper. DEWEY : 660 ISSN : 0888-5885 En ligne : http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=24239034 [article] Compound of nickel phosphate with Ni(OH)(PO4)2― layers and synergistic application with intumescent flame retardants in thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer [texte imprimé] / Xueying Shan, Auteur ; Ping Zhang, Auteur ; Lei Song, Auteur . - 2011 . - pp. 7201-7209. Chimie industrielle Langues : Anglais (eng) in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 50 N° 12 (Juin 2011) . - pp. 7201-7209 Mots-clés : Flame  retardant  Synergism Résumé : In this paper, a new method was used to prepare flame retardant thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer (TPU). Nickel phosphate with Ni(OH)(PO4)2― layers, Na(H3O)2{Ni4(OH)4(HPO4)3(H2PO4)} (NaNiP), was prepared by a hydrothermal method, and it was added to the TPU and intumescent flame retardant (IFR) system. The synergistic effect between NaNiP and IFR was studied. With the addition of 1 wt % NaNiP, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of the TPU/ IFR system was increased from 27 to 32%. The UL-94 tests showed that TPU containing 20 wt % IFR had no rating, but TPU with 19 wt % IFR and 1 wt % NaNiP could reach the V-0 rating. The results of thermogravimetric analysis/infrared spectrometry (TGA―IR) showed that NaNiP could delay volatilized products in TPU/IFR system. Laser Raman spectroscopy (LRS) of residual char indicated that the ordered carbon was increased with the addition of 1 wt % NaNiP, and the content ratio of ordered carbon in outer char was larger than that in inner char. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated that NaNiP could help the TPU/IFR system form a dense and intumescent char layer. Therefore, a just-right formulation between IFR and NaNiP in TPU showed optimal synergistic effect. The synergistic mechanism was also proposed in this paper. DEWEY : 660 ISSN : 0888-5885 En ligne : http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=24239034

Effect of some geometric parameters on performance of PF2 heat exchangers in periodic frosting / Ping Zhang in International journal of refrigeration, Vol. 33 N° 2 (Mars 2010) 

Public ISBD [article]  in International journal of refrigeration > Vol. 33 N° 2 (Mars 2010) . - pp. 334-346 Titre : Effect of some geometric parameters on performance of PF2 heat exchangers in periodic frosting Titre original : Impact de certains paramètres sur la performance d'échangeurs à écoulements et aux ailettes parallèles lors d'épisodes périodiques de givrage Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Ping Zhang, Auteur ; P. S. Hrnjak, Auteur Année de publication : 2011 Article en page(s) : pp. 334-346 Note générale : Génie Mécanique Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Heat  exchanger  Finned  tube  Experiment  Performance  Parameter  Geometry  Frosting Index. décimale : 621.5 Energie pneumatique. Machinerie et outils. Réfrigération Résumé : The thermal performance under conditions of initial frost growth and subsequent refrosting after a defrost is experimentally studied for the parallel flow parallel fin (PF2) heat exchanger, a new style of heat exchanger that uses louvered bent fins on flat tubes to enhance water drainage when the flat tubes are horizontal (typically outdoor heat exchanger in heat pump operation). This paper focuses on quantification of the effects of geometry (i.e. fin pitch 12–22 fpi and louver pitch 1.4–2.8 mm) on defrost and refrost times. Eight heat exchangers differing in louver pitch and fin spacing are studied. A series of tests are conducted in search for the best geometry. The effects of geometry on heat transfer (thermal performance) and pressure drop for air face velocities of 0.9, 2, and 3 m/s are determined and used for comparison. Characteristics of initial heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop during the first frosting cycle are reported in terms of Colburn j0 factor and Fanning friction f0 factor, as a function of ReLp and geometry. The newly developed air-side correlations for PF2 heat exchangers (Colburn j0 factor and Fanning friction f0 factor) predict the test data within rms error of ±10%, and with mean deviation of 2.95% and 4.98%, respectively. The correlations are base on a very low Reynolds numbers in the range of 100–620, and 8 PF2 heat exchangers using 48 experimental data. DEWEY : 621.5 ISSN : 0140-7007 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140700709002515 [article] Effect of some geometric parameters on performance of PF2 heat exchangers in periodic frosting = Impact de certains paramètres sur la performance d'échangeurs à écoulements et aux ailettes parallèles lors d'épisodes périodiques de givrage [texte imprimé] / Ping Zhang, Auteur ; P. S. Hrnjak, Auteur . - 2011 . - pp. 334-346. Génie Mécanique Langues : Anglais (eng) in International journal of refrigeration > Vol. 33 N° 2 (Mars 2010) . - pp. 334-346 Mots-clés : Heat  exchanger  Finned  tube  Experiment  Performance  Parameter  Geometry  Frosting Index. décimale : 621.5 Energie pneumatique. Machinerie et outils. Réfrigération Résumé : The thermal performance under conditions of initial frost growth and subsequent refrosting after a defrost is experimentally studied for the parallel flow parallel fin (PF2) heat exchanger, a new style of heat exchanger that uses louvered bent fins on flat tubes to enhance water drainage when the flat tubes are horizontal (typically outdoor heat exchanger in heat pump operation). This paper focuses on quantification of the effects of geometry (i.e. fin pitch 12–22 fpi and louver pitch 1.4–2.8 mm) on defrost and refrost times. Eight heat exchangers differing in louver pitch and fin spacing are studied. A series of tests are conducted in search for the best geometry. The effects of geometry on heat transfer (thermal performance) and pressure drop for air face velocities of 0.9, 2, and 3 m/s are determined and used for comparison. Characteristics of initial heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop during the first frosting cycle are reported in terms of Colburn j0 factor and Fanning friction f0 factor, as a function of ReLp and geometry. The newly developed air-side correlations for PF2 heat exchangers (Colburn j0 factor and Fanning friction f0 factor) predict the test data within rms error of ±10%, and with mean deviation of 2.95% and 4.98%, respectively. The correlations are base on a very low Reynolds numbers in the range of 100–620, and 8 PF2 heat exchangers using 48 experimental data. DEWEY : 621.5 ISSN : 0140-7007 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140700709002515

Functionalization of cotton with UV - cured flame retardant coatings / Haixia Yuan in Industrial & engineering chemistry research, Vol. 51 N° 15 (Avril 2012) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 15 (Avril 2012) . - pp. 5394–5401 Titre : Functionalization of cotton with UV - cured flame retardant coatings Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Haixia Yuan, Auteur ; Weiyi Xing, Auteur ; Ping Zhang, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : pp. 5394–5401 Note générale : Industrial chemistry Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Textiles  Fibers Résumé : A novel phosphorus monomer (PDHA) was synthesized and incorporated onto the surface of cotton fabric via UV-induced graft polymerization to improve flame retardancy and thermal stability. The structure of PDHA was characterized by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), 31P NMR, and Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) and the grafting processes were followed by IR (ATR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The thermal stability and flame retardancy of the treated fabrics were studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), thermogravimetric analysis/infrared spectrometry (TGA-IR), and microscale combustion colorimeter (MCC). Test performed on real time FTIR analysis for treated cotton showed that the coatings containing phosphorus could catalyze the dehydration and char formation of cotton textiles at a lower temperature. The enhanced flame retardant action may be caused by the thermal decomposition of phosphate acrylate producing acidic intermediates, which could react with fabrics to alter its thermal decomposition. ISSN : 0888-5885 En ligne : http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie202468u [article] Functionalization of cotton with UV - cured flame retardant coatings [texte imprimé] / Haixia Yuan, Auteur ; Weiyi Xing, Auteur ; Ping Zhang, Auteur . - 2012 . - pp. 5394–5401. Industrial chemistry Langues : Anglais (eng) in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 15 (Avril 2012) . - pp. 5394–5401 Mots-clés : Textiles  Fibers Résumé : A novel phosphorus monomer (PDHA) was synthesized and incorporated onto the surface of cotton fabric via UV-induced graft polymerization to improve flame retardancy and thermal stability. The structure of PDHA was characterized by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), 31P NMR, and Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) and the grafting processes were followed by IR (ATR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The thermal stability and flame retardancy of the treated fabrics were studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), thermogravimetric analysis/infrared spectrometry (TGA-IR), and microscale combustion colorimeter (MCC). Test performed on real time FTIR analysis for treated cotton showed that the coatings containing phosphorus could catalyze the dehydration and char formation of cotton textiles at a lower temperature. The enhanced flame retardant action may be caused by the thermal decomposition of phosphate acrylate producing acidic intermediates, which could react with fabrics to alter its thermal decomposition. ISSN : 0888-5885 En ligne : http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie202468u

Preparation of intumescent flame retardant poly(butylene succinate) using fumed silica as synergistic agent / Yangjuan Chen in Industrial & engineering chemistry research, Vol. 49 N° 17 (Septembre 1, 2010) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 17 (Septembre 1, 2010) . - pp 8200–8208 Titre : Preparation of intumescent flame retardant poly(butylene succinate) using fumed silica as synergistic agent Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Yangjuan Chen, Auteur ; Jing Zhan, Auteur ; Ping Zhang, Auteur Année de publication : 2010 Article en page(s) : pp 8200–8208 Note générale : Chimie industrielle Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Silica  Synergistic  agent. Résumé : A novel intumescent flame retardant (IFR) poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) with an antidripping property using fumed silica as a synergistic agent was prepared. Ammonium polyphosphate, melamine, and fumed silica were added in PBS via melt blending. It was revealed that the flame retardant PBS exhibited both excellent flame retardance and antidripping properties when the three components of IFR coexisted at an appropriate proportion. The lowest total loading of flame retardant could be reduced to 17 wt % with the synergism of fumed silica, for the goal of vertical flammability (UL-94) V-0 rate. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were employed to characterize the morphology and composition of residual char, respectively. The combustion properties and thermal degradation behavior of the IFR-PBS composites were fully evaluated, and the possible flame retardant mechanism was proposed. DEWEY : 660 ISSN : 0888-5885 En ligne : http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie100989j [article] Preparation of intumescent flame retardant poly(butylene succinate) using fumed silica as synergistic agent [texte imprimé] / Yangjuan Chen, Auteur ; Jing Zhan, Auteur ; Ping Zhang, Auteur . - 2010 . - pp 8200–8208. Chimie industrielle Langues : Anglais (eng) in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 17 (Septembre 1, 2010) . - pp 8200–8208 Mots-clés : Silica  Synergistic  agent. Résumé : A novel intumescent flame retardant (IFR) poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) with an antidripping property using fumed silica as a synergistic agent was prepared. Ammonium polyphosphate, melamine, and fumed silica were added in PBS via melt blending. It was revealed that the flame retardant PBS exhibited both excellent flame retardance and antidripping properties when the three components of IFR coexisted at an appropriate proportion. The lowest total loading of flame retardant could be reduced to 17 wt % with the synergism of fumed silica, for the goal of vertical flammability (UL-94) V-0 rate. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were employed to characterize the morphology and composition of residual char, respectively. The combustion properties and thermal degradation behavior of the IFR-PBS composites were fully evaluated, and the possible flame retardant mechanism was proposed. DEWEY : 660 ISSN : 0888-5885 En ligne : http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie100989j

The thermal property and flame retardant mechanism of intumescent flame retardant paraffin system with metal / Ping Zhang in Industrial & engineering chemistry research, Vol. 49 N° 13 (Juillet 2010) 

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