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Continuous polyolefin cracking on an HZSM-5 zeolite catalyst in a conical spouted bed reactor / Gorka Elordi in Industrial & engineering chemistry research, Vol. 50 N° 10 (Mai 2011) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 50 N° 10 (Mai 2011) . - pp. 6061-6070 Titre : Continuous polyolefin cracking on an HZSM-5 zeolite catalyst in a conical spouted bed reactor Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Gorka Elordi, Auteur ; Martin Olazar, Auteur ; Gartzen Lopez, Auteur Année de publication : 2011 Article en page(s) : pp. 6061-6070 Note générale : Chimie industrielle Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Reactor  Fluidization  Spouted  bed  Catalyst  Zeolite  Cracking Résumé : The effect of operating conditions on product yields and compositions has been studied in the catalytic cracking of polyolefins (high- and low-density polyethylene and polypropylene) in a conical spouted bed reactor. The catalyst has been prepared by agglomerating an HZSM-5 zeolite (SiO2/Al2O3 = 30) with bentonite and alumina. The study has been carried out in continuous mode, in the 450-570 °C range, with polyolefin flow rates between 1 and 2 g min-1 and feeding up to 1 kg of polyolefin into a 30 g catalyst bed. The result is an excellent performance of the reactor-catalyst pairing for continuous catalytic pyrolysis, given that the yields obtained in the pyrolysis of high-density polyethylene at 500 °C without defluidization problems and very low catalyst deactivation are as follows: 60 wt % C2-C4 olefins, 15 wt % nonaromatic C5-C11, hydrocarbons, 10 wt % single-ring aromatics, and 14 wt % C4- alkanes. Only small differences are observed in the pyrolysis of the different polyolefins. DEWEY : 660 ISSN : 0888-5885 En ligne : http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=24158904 [article] Continuous polyolefin cracking on an HZSM-5 zeolite catalyst in a conical spouted bed reactor [texte imprimé] / Gorka Elordi, Auteur ; Martin Olazar, Auteur ; Gartzen Lopez, Auteur . - 2011 . - pp. 6061-6070. Chimie industrielle Langues : Anglais (eng) in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 50 N° 10 (Mai 2011) . - pp. 6061-6070 Mots-clés : Reactor  Fluidization  Spouted  bed  Catalyst  Zeolite  Cracking Résumé : The effect of operating conditions on product yields and compositions has been studied in the catalytic cracking of polyolefins (high- and low-density polyethylene and polypropylene) in a conical spouted bed reactor. The catalyst has been prepared by agglomerating an HZSM-5 zeolite (SiO2/Al2O3 = 30) with bentonite and alumina. The study has been carried out in continuous mode, in the 450-570 °C range, with polyolefin flow rates between 1 and 2 g min-1 and feeding up to 1 kg of polyolefin into a 30 g catalyst bed. The result is an excellent performance of the reactor-catalyst pairing for continuous catalytic pyrolysis, given that the yields obtained in the pyrolysis of high-density polyethylene at 500 °C without defluidization problems and very low catalyst deactivation are as follows: 60 wt % C2-C4 olefins, 15 wt % nonaromatic C5-C11, hydrocarbons, 10 wt % single-ring aromatics, and 14 wt % C4- alkanes. Only small differences are observed in the pyrolysis of the different polyolefins. DEWEY : 660 ISSN : 0888-5885 En ligne : http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=24158904

HZSM-5 and HY zeolite catalyst performance in the pyrolysis of tires in a conical spouted bed reactor / Miriam Arabiourrutia in Industrial & engineering chemistry research, Vol. 47 N°20 (Octobre 2008) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 47 N°20 (Octobre 2008) . - P. 7600-7609 Titre : HZSM-5 and HY zeolite catalyst performance in the pyrolysis of tires in a conical spouted bed reactor Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Miriam Arabiourrutia, Editeur scientifique ; Martin Olazar, Editeur scientifique ; Roberto Aguado, Editeur scientifique Année de publication : 2008 Article en page(s) : P. 7600-7609 Note générale : Chemical engineering Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Zeolite  catalyst  HZSM-5  zeolite  catalyst  HY  zeolite Résumé : A study has been carried out on the in situ use of two catalysts (prepared based on HZSM-5 and HY zeolites) in the pyrolysis of tires in a conical spouted bed reactor at 425 and 500 °C. Both catalysts significantly affect the yields and composition obtained in thermal pyrolysis for the fractions corresponding to C1−C4 gases, nonaromatic C5−C10, aromatic C10−, and tar. The shape selectivity characteristic of each zeolite has a considerable influence on catalyst performance. The HZSM-5 zeolite catalyst produces an increase in the yield of gases, with an increase in the yield of propene and the same yield of butadiene as in thermal pyrolysis, in which it is already high. Concerning the liquid fraction, the catalysts give way to a decrease in the yield of d-limonene (the conical spouted bed reactor performs very well in thermal pyrolysis for this purpose), whereas the yield of BTX aromatics increases, with an increase in the yield of xylenes. A positive fact to be noted is the decrease in the formation of tar (C10+) compared to thermal pyrolysis. As the reaction occurs, a carbonaceous material is deposited on the catalyst, in which the following are identified: (i) carbon black externally coating the particles and deposited on the catalyst macropores and mesopores and (ii) coke deposited on zeolite micropores, due to hydrocarbon condensation activated by catalyst active sites. This condensation preferably takes place in the HY zeolite due to both the larger size of intersections between micropore channels and to greater hydrogen-transfer capacity. Nevertheless, under the reaction conditions tested (up to 10.87 g of tire treated/g of catalyst), product yields remain almost constant, which is evidence that the catalyst does not undergo deactivation. En ligne : http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie800376d [article] HZSM-5 and HY zeolite catalyst performance in the pyrolysis of tires in a conical spouted bed reactor [texte imprimé] / Miriam Arabiourrutia, Editeur scientifique ; Martin Olazar, Editeur scientifique ; Roberto Aguado, Editeur scientifique . - 2008 . - P. 7600-7609. Chemical engineering Langues : Anglais (eng) in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 47 N°20 (Octobre 2008) . - P. 7600-7609 Mots-clés : Zeolite  catalyst  HZSM-5  zeolite  catalyst  HY  zeolite Résumé : A study has been carried out on the in situ use of two catalysts (prepared based on HZSM-5 and HY zeolites) in the pyrolysis of tires in a conical spouted bed reactor at 425 and 500 °C. Both catalysts significantly affect the yields and composition obtained in thermal pyrolysis for the fractions corresponding to C1−C4 gases, nonaromatic C5−C10, aromatic C10−, and tar. The shape selectivity characteristic of each zeolite has a considerable influence on catalyst performance. The HZSM-5 zeolite catalyst produces an increase in the yield of gases, with an increase in the yield of propene and the same yield of butadiene as in thermal pyrolysis, in which it is already high. Concerning the liquid fraction, the catalysts give way to a decrease in the yield of d-limonene (the conical spouted bed reactor performs very well in thermal pyrolysis for this purpose), whereas the yield of BTX aromatics increases, with an increase in the yield of xylenes. A positive fact to be noted is the decrease in the formation of tar (C10+) compared to thermal pyrolysis. As the reaction occurs, a carbonaceous material is deposited on the catalyst, in which the following are identified: (i) carbon black externally coating the particles and deposited on the catalyst macropores and mesopores and (ii) coke deposited on zeolite micropores, due to hydrocarbon condensation activated by catalyst active sites. This condensation preferably takes place in the HY zeolite due to both the larger size of intersections between micropore channels and to greater hydrogen-transfer capacity. Nevertheless, under the reaction conditions tested (up to 10.87 g of tire treated/g of catalyst), product yields remain almost constant, which is evidence that the catalyst does not undergo deactivation. En ligne : http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie800376d

Polyethylene cracking on a spent FCC catalyst in a conical spouted bed / Gorka Elordi in Industrial & engineering chemistry research, Vol. 51 N° 43 (Octobre 2012) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 43 (Octobre 2012) . - pp. 14008-14017 Titre : Polyethylene cracking on a spent FCC catalyst in a conical spouted bed Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Gorka Elordi, Auteur ; Martin Olazar, Auteur ; Pedro Castano, Auteur Année de publication : 2013 Article en page(s) : pp. 14008-14017 Note générale : Industrial chemistry Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Fluidization  Spouted  bed  Catalyst  Cracking Résumé : The catalytic cracking of HDPE (high density polyethylene) at 500 °C using a spent FCC catalyst agglomerated with bentonite (50 wt %) has been studied in a conical spouted bed reactor. The reaction is carried out in continuous regime (1 g min―1 of HDPE is fed) with no bed defluidization problems. The results obtained, namely, total conversion, and high yields of gasoline (C5―C11 fraction) (50 wt %) and C2―C4 olefins (28 wt %), are explained by favorable reactor conditions and good catalyst properties. These results are compared with those for a catalyst prepared in the laboratory by agglomerating a commercial HY zeolite (SiO2/Al2O3 = 5.2). The conical spouted bed is a suitable reactor for enhancing the physical steps of melting the polymer and coating the catalyst with the melted polymer. Furthermore, high heat and mass transfer rates promote devolatilization, and short residence times minimize secondary reactions from olefins by enhancing primary cracking products. The meso- and macroporous structure of the spent FCC catalyst matrix enhances the diffusion of long polymer chains, whereas the zeolite crystals have micropores that give a proper shape selectivity to form the lumps of gasoline and light olefins. Because of long use in reaction-regeneration cycles, the moderate acidity of the spent FCC catalyst minimizes the secondary reactions of hydrogen transfer, and so restricts the formation of aromatics and paraffins, as well as the reactions of overcracking and condensation and, therefore, the coke formation. The spent FCC catalyst exhibits a low deactivation rate and is regenerable by coke combustion with air at 550 °C. Consequently, the use of a catalyst with the sole cost of a simple agglomeration and the production of value added product streams make the process of polyolefin catalytic cracking a promising option for refinery integration. ISSN : 0888-5885 En ligne : http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=26593328 [article] Polyethylene cracking on a spent FCC catalyst in a conical spouted bed [texte imprimé] / Gorka Elordi, Auteur ; Martin Olazar, Auteur ; Pedro Castano, Auteur . - 2013 . - pp. 14008-14017. Industrial chemistry Langues : Anglais (eng) in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 43 (Octobre 2012) . - pp. 14008-14017 Mots-clés : Fluidization  Spouted  bed  Catalyst  Cracking Résumé : The catalytic cracking of HDPE (high density polyethylene) at 500 °C using a spent FCC catalyst agglomerated with bentonite (50 wt %) has been studied in a conical spouted bed reactor. The reaction is carried out in continuous regime (1 g min―1 of HDPE is fed) with no bed defluidization problems. The results obtained, namely, total conversion, and high yields of gasoline (C5―C11 fraction) (50 wt %) and C2―C4 olefins (28 wt %), are explained by favorable reactor conditions and good catalyst properties. These results are compared with those for a catalyst prepared in the laboratory by agglomerating a commercial HY zeolite (SiO2/Al2O3 = 5.2). The conical spouted bed is a suitable reactor for enhancing the physical steps of melting the polymer and coating the catalyst with the melted polymer. Furthermore, high heat and mass transfer rates promote devolatilization, and short residence times minimize secondary reactions from olefins by enhancing primary cracking products. The meso- and macroporous structure of the spent FCC catalyst matrix enhances the diffusion of long polymer chains, whereas the zeolite crystals have micropores that give a proper shape selectivity to form the lumps of gasoline and light olefins. Because of long use in reaction-regeneration cycles, the moderate acidity of the spent FCC catalyst minimizes the secondary reactions of hydrogen transfer, and so restricts the formation of aromatics and paraffins, as well as the reactions of overcracking and condensation and, therefore, the coke formation. The spent FCC catalyst exhibits a low deactivation rate and is regenerable by coke combustion with air at 550 °C. Consequently, the use of a catalyst with the sole cost of a simple agglomeration and the production of value added product streams make the process of polyolefin catalytic cracking a promising option for refinery integration. ISSN : 0888-5885 En ligne : http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=26593328

Product yields and compositions in the continuous pyrolysis of high-density polyethylene in a conical spouted bed reactor / Gorka Elordi in Industrial & engineering chemistry research, Vol. 50 N° 11 (Juin 2011) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 50 N° 11 (Juin 2011) . - pp 6650–6659 Titre : Product yields and compositions in the continuous pyrolysis of high-density polyethylene in a conical spouted bed reactor Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Gorka Elordi, Auteur ; Martin Olazar, Auteur ; Gartzen Lopez, Auteur Année de publication : 2011 Article en page(s) : pp 6650–6659 Note générale : Chimie industrielle Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Pyrolysis  High  density  Polyethylene Résumé : The pyrolysis of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) has been carried out in the range between 500 and 700 °C in continuous mode in a pilot-plant unit equipped with a conical spouted bed reactor. The products have been grouped into the lumps of gas (C4–), gasoline (C5–C11), diesel (C12–C20), and waxes (C21+). The product yields and compositions of these fractions were compared both to those previously obtained in the pyrolysis performed in discontinuous mode and to those obtained by other authors in fluidized bed reactors. The results confirm the optimal performance of the conical spouted bed reactor (CSBR) in obtaining high yields of waxes and fuels with low aromatic content, which is explained by the appropriate conditions of the CSBR needed to enhance heat and mass transfer between phases (capacity for coating the sand with plastic) and minimize secondary reactions (short residence time of the volatiles). DEWEY : 660 ISSN : 0888-5885 En ligne : http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie200186m [article] Product yields and compositions in the continuous pyrolysis of high-density polyethylene in a conical spouted bed reactor [texte imprimé] / Gorka Elordi, Auteur ; Martin Olazar, Auteur ; Gartzen Lopez, Auteur . - 2011 . - pp 6650–6659. Chimie industrielle Langues : Anglais (eng) in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 50 N° 11 (Juin 2011) . - pp 6650–6659 Mots-clés : Pyrolysis  High  density  Polyethylene Résumé : The pyrolysis of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) has been carried out in the range between 500 and 700 °C in continuous mode in a pilot-plant unit equipped with a conical spouted bed reactor. The products have been grouped into the lumps of gas (C4–), gasoline (C5–C11), diesel (C12–C20), and waxes (C21+). The product yields and compositions of these fractions were compared both to those previously obtained in the pyrolysis performed in discontinuous mode and to those obtained by other authors in fluidized bed reactors. The results confirm the optimal performance of the conical spouted bed reactor (CSBR) in obtaining high yields of waxes and fuels with low aromatic content, which is explained by the appropriate conditions of the CSBR needed to enhance heat and mass transfer between phases (capacity for coating the sand with plastic) and minimize secondary reactions (short residence time of the volatiles). DEWEY : 660 ISSN : 0888-5885 En ligne : http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie200186m

Vacuum pyrolysis of waste tires by continuously feeding into a conical spouted bed reactor / Gartzen Lopez in Industrial & engineering chemistry research, Vol. 49 N° 19 (Octobre 2010) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 19 (Octobre 2010) . - pp. 8990–8997 Titre : Vacuum pyrolysis of waste tires by continuously feeding into a conical spouted bed reactor Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Gartzen Lopez, Auteur ; Martin Olazar, Auteur ; Roberto Aguado, Auteur Année de publication : 2010 Article en page(s) : pp. 8990–8997 Note générale : Chimie industrielle Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Pyrolysis  Waste  tires Résumé : The continuous pyrolysis of waste tires under vacuum conditions (25 and 50 kPa) has been studied in a pilot plant equipped with a conical spouted bed reactor and operating with continuous feed at 425 and 500 °C. The effects of vacuum on product distribution and properties have been studied. The main effect of vacuum is an increase in the diesel fraction yield of the liquid product. A remarkable yield of isoprene has been obtained operating under vacuum, reaching yields of higher than 7 wt %. Moreover, a positive effect on the quality of the residual carbon black has been observed, given that a decrease in pore blockage gives way to higher surface areas of the carbon blacks obtained. The results show that vacuum operation does not limit the good perspectives for waste tire valorization by pyrolysis in a conical spouted bed, and energy requirements for heating the inert gas and the condensation section are significantly reduced. ISSN : 0888-5885 En ligne : http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie1000604 [article] Vacuum pyrolysis of waste tires by continuously feeding into a conical spouted bed reactor [texte imprimé] / Gartzen Lopez, Auteur ; Martin Olazar, Auteur ; Roberto Aguado, Auteur . - 2010 . - pp. 8990–8997. Chimie industrielle Langues : Anglais (eng) in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 19 (Octobre 2010) . - pp. 8990–8997 Mots-clés : Pyrolysis  Waste  tires Résumé : The continuous pyrolysis of waste tires under vacuum conditions (25 and 50 kPa) has been studied in a pilot plant equipped with a conical spouted bed reactor and operating with continuous feed at 425 and 500 °C. The effects of vacuum on product distribution and properties have been studied. The main effect of vacuum is an increase in the diesel fraction yield of the liquid product. A remarkable yield of isoprene has been obtained operating under vacuum, reaching yields of higher than 7 wt %. Moreover, a positive effect on the quality of the residual carbon black has been observed, given that a decrease in pore blockage gives way to higher surface areas of the carbon blacks obtained. The results show that vacuum operation does not limit the good perspectives for waste tire valorization by pyrolysis in a conical spouted bed, and energy requirements for heating the inert gas and the condensation section are significantly reduced. ISSN : 0888-5885 En ligne : http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie1000604