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Chemical Looping Technology and Its Fossil Energy Conversion Applications / Liang-Shih Fan in Industrial & engineering chemistry research, Vol. 49 N° 21 (Novembre 2010) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 21 (Novembre 2010) . - pp. 10200-10211 Titre : Chemical Looping Technology and Its Fossil Energy Conversion Applications Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Liang-Shih Fan, Auteur ; Fanxing Li, Auteur Année de publication : 2011 Article en page(s) : pp. 10200-10211 Note générale : Chimie industrielle Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Energy  Conversion Résumé : The concept of chemical looping reactions has been widely applied in chemical industries, for example, the production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) from hydrogen and oxygen using 9,10-anthraquinone as the looping intermediate. Fundamental research on chemical looping reactions has also been applied to energy systems, for example, the splitting of water (H2O) to produce oxygen and hydrogen using ZnO as the looping intermediate. Fossil fuel chemical looping applications had been used commercially with the steam-iron process for coal from the 1900s to the 1940s and had been demonstrated at a pilot scale with the carbon dioxide acceptor process in the 1960s and 1970s. There are presently no chemical looping processes using fossil fuels in commercial operation. A key factor that hampered the continued use of these earlier processes for fossil energy operation was the inadequacy of the reactivity and recyclability of the looping particles. This factor led to higher costs for product generation using the chemical looping processes, compared to the other processes that use particularly petroleum or natural gas as feedstock. With CO2 emission control now being considered as a requirement, interest in chemical looping technology has resurfaced. In particular, chemical looping processes are appealing because of their unique ability to generate a sequestration-ready CO2 stream while yielding high energy conversion efficiency. Renewed fundamental and applied research since the early 1980s has emphasized on improvements over earlier shortcomings. New techniques have been developed for direct possessing of coal or other solid carbonaceous feedstock in chemical looping reactors. Significant progress demonstrated by the operation of several small pilot scale units worldwide indicates that the chemical looping technology may become commercially viable in the future for processing carbonaceous fuels. This perspective article describes the fundamental and applied aspects of modern chemical looping technology that utilizes fossil fuel as feedstock. It discusses chemical looping reaction thermodynamics, looping particle selection, reactor design, and process configurations. It highlights both the chemical looping combustion and the chemical looping gasification processes that are at various stages of the development. Opportunities and challenges for chemical looping process commercialization are also illustrated. ISSN : 0888-5885 En ligne : http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie1005542 [article] Chemical Looping Technology and Its Fossil Energy Conversion Applications [texte imprimé] / Liang-Shih Fan, Auteur ; Fanxing Li, Auteur . - 2011 . - pp. 10200-10211. Chimie industrielle Langues : Anglais (eng) in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 21 (Novembre 2010) . - pp. 10200-10211 Mots-clés : Energy  Conversion Résumé : The concept of chemical looping reactions has been widely applied in chemical industries, for example, the production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) from hydrogen and oxygen using 9,10-anthraquinone as the looping intermediate. Fundamental research on chemical looping reactions has also been applied to energy systems, for example, the splitting of water (H2O) to produce oxygen and hydrogen using ZnO as the looping intermediate. Fossil fuel chemical looping applications had been used commercially with the steam-iron process for coal from the 1900s to the 1940s and had been demonstrated at a pilot scale with the carbon dioxide acceptor process in the 1960s and 1970s. There are presently no chemical looping processes using fossil fuels in commercial operation. A key factor that hampered the continued use of these earlier processes for fossil energy operation was the inadequacy of the reactivity and recyclability of the looping particles. This factor led to higher costs for product generation using the chemical looping processes, compared to the other processes that use particularly petroleum or natural gas as feedstock. With CO2 emission control now being considered as a requirement, interest in chemical looping technology has resurfaced. In particular, chemical looping processes are appealing because of their unique ability to generate a sequestration-ready CO2 stream while yielding high energy conversion efficiency. Renewed fundamental and applied research since the early 1980s has emphasized on improvements over earlier shortcomings. New techniques have been developed for direct possessing of coal or other solid carbonaceous feedstock in chemical looping reactors. Significant progress demonstrated by the operation of several small pilot scale units worldwide indicates that the chemical looping technology may become commercially viable in the future for processing carbonaceous fuels. This perspective article describes the fundamental and applied aspects of modern chemical looping technology that utilizes fossil fuel as feedstock. It discusses chemical looping reaction thermodynamics, looping particle selection, reactor design, and process configurations. It highlights both the chemical looping combustion and the chemical looping gasification processes that are at various stages of the development. Opportunities and challenges for chemical looping process commercialization are also illustrated. ISSN : 0888-5885 En ligne : http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie1005542

Gas - solid fluidization in mini- and micro-channels / Fei Wang in Industrial & engineering chemistry research, Vol. 50 N° 8 (Avril 2011) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 50 N° 8 (Avril 2011) . - pp. 4741–4751 Titre : Gas - solid fluidization in mini- and micro-channels Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Fei Wang, Auteur ; Liang-Shih Fan, Auteur Année de publication : 2011 Article en page(s) : pp. 4741–4751 Note générale : Chimie industrielle Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Gas  solid  fluidization Résumé : Much of the fundamental research reported in the literature on gas−solid fluidization properties has been performed with large gas−solid fluidized beds. However, little is known regarding gas−solid fluidization in the mini- and microscale channel sizes ranging from 10−3 to 10−2 m and 10−5 to 10−4 m, respectively. The wall effects in the mini- and microchannels significantly affect the hydrodynamics of gas−solid fluidization. Such effects are examined experimentally in this study using FCC particles in six mini- and microchannels with sizes ranging from 700 μm to 5 mm. The data reveal a significant increase in the minimum fluidization and bubbling velocities as well as the wall friction in the mini- and microchannels compared to those in large fluidized beds. Additionally, the maximum stable bubble size increases with the superficial gas velocity and channel size. The round-nosed slug and the wall slug are observed in the channels. Correlations for predicting the fluidization regime transition in large fluidized beds are not adequate for predicting that in the mini- and microchannels. Also, differing from fluidization in a large bed, there is regime transition instability in that particulate fluidization is observed to form in the 700 μm and 1 mm channels through the bubbling/slugging transition as the gas velocity increases beyond that for the fixed bed. DEWEY : 660 ISSN : 0888-5885 En ligne : http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie102245m [article] Gas - solid fluidization in mini- and micro-channels [texte imprimé] / Fei Wang, Auteur ; Liang-Shih Fan, Auteur . - 2011 . - pp. 4741–4751. Chimie industrielle Langues : Anglais (eng) in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 50 N° 8 (Avril 2011) . - pp. 4741–4751 Mots-clés : Gas  solid  fluidization Résumé : Much of the fundamental research reported in the literature on gas−solid fluidization properties has been performed with large gas−solid fluidized beds. However, little is known regarding gas−solid fluidization in the mini- and microscale channel sizes ranging from 10−3 to 10−2 m and 10−5 to 10−4 m, respectively. The wall effects in the mini- and microchannels significantly affect the hydrodynamics of gas−solid fluidization. Such effects are examined experimentally in this study using FCC particles in six mini- and microchannels with sizes ranging from 700 μm to 5 mm. The data reveal a significant increase in the minimum fluidization and bubbling velocities as well as the wall friction in the mini- and microchannels compared to those in large fluidized beds. Additionally, the maximum stable bubble size increases with the superficial gas velocity and channel size. The round-nosed slug and the wall slug are observed in the channels. Correlations for predicting the fluidization regime transition in large fluidized beds are not adequate for predicting that in the mini- and microchannels. Also, differing from fluidization in a large bed, there is regime transition instability in that particulate fluidization is observed to form in the 700 μm and 1 mm channels through the bubbling/slugging transition as the gas velocity increases beyond that for the fixed bed. DEWEY : 660 ISSN : 0888-5885 En ligne : http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie102245m

Kinetic study of high - pressure carbonation reaction of calcium - based sorbents in the calcium looping process (CLP) / Fu-Chen Yu in Industrial & engineering chemistry research, Vol. 50 N° 20 (Octobre 2011) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 50 N° 20 (Octobre 2011) . - pp 11528–11536 Titre : Kinetic study of high - pressure carbonation reaction of calcium - based sorbents in the calcium looping process (CLP) Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Fu-Chen Yu, Auteur ; Liang-Shih Fan, Auteur Année de publication : 2011 Article en page(s) : pp 11528–11536 Note générale : Chimie industrielle Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Kinetic  Carbonation  reaction Résumé : In this study, the high-pressure carbonation kinetics of calcium oxide (CaO) derived from three calcium-based sorbents, namely, limestone (CaCO3), calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2], and precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC), used in the calcium looping process (CLP) system were studied using a magnetic suspension balance (MSB) analyzer. Different total pressures (1000–15000 torr) and concentrations of CO2 (10–30%) were tested to determine their effects on the carbonation reaction rate at a specific operating temperature of the CLP system, namely, 700 °C. The carbonation reaction rate was found to increase with increasing concentration of CO2 (10–30%) at a constant total pressure of 5000 torr and to exhibit first-order kinetics. However, the total pressure has an effect on the carbonation reaction rate only at lower total pressures. With a 20% CO2 stream, the reaction rate was observed to increase until the total pressure reached 4000 torr, beyond which a further increase in total pressure had a negative effect on the rate of the carbonation reaction of CaO derived from all three precursors. Further, the carbonation reaction had a different reaction order with respect to the partial pressure of CO2. It was found that the reaction was first-order at lower total pressures but changed to zeroth-order when the total pressure exceeded 4000 torr. The different reaction order under elevated pressures can be explained by the Langmuir mechanism. In addition, the reaction rate of carbonation conducted at high total pressure was greater than that at atmospheric pressure, under cyclic testing. The results also showed that there was no significant difference in the behavior of the carbonation reaction of CaO at elevated pressures, regardless of the different precursors used to generate the CaO. DEWEY : 660 ISSN : 0888-5885 En ligne : http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie200914e [article] Kinetic study of high - pressure carbonation reaction of calcium - based sorbents in the calcium looping process (CLP) [texte imprimé] / Fu-Chen Yu, Auteur ; Liang-Shih Fan, Auteur . - 2011 . - pp 11528–11536. Chimie industrielle Langues : Anglais (eng) in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 50 N° 20 (Octobre 2011) . - pp 11528–11536 Mots-clés : Kinetic  Carbonation  reaction Résumé : In this study, the high-pressure carbonation kinetics of calcium oxide (CaO) derived from three calcium-based sorbents, namely, limestone (CaCO3), calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2], and precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC), used in the calcium looping process (CLP) system were studied using a magnetic suspension balance (MSB) analyzer. Different total pressures (1000–15000 torr) and concentrations of CO2 (10–30%) were tested to determine their effects on the carbonation reaction rate at a specific operating temperature of the CLP system, namely, 700 °C. The carbonation reaction rate was found to increase with increasing concentration of CO2 (10–30%) at a constant total pressure of 5000 torr and to exhibit first-order kinetics. However, the total pressure has an effect on the carbonation reaction rate only at lower total pressures. With a 20% CO2 stream, the reaction rate was observed to increase until the total pressure reached 4000 torr, beyond which a further increase in total pressure had a negative effect on the rate of the carbonation reaction of CaO derived from all three precursors. Further, the carbonation reaction had a different reaction order with respect to the partial pressure of CO2. It was found that the reaction was first-order at lower total pressures but changed to zeroth-order when the total pressure exceeded 4000 torr. The different reaction order under elevated pressures can be explained by the Langmuir mechanism. In addition, the reaction rate of carbonation conducted at high total pressure was greater than that at atmospheric pressure, under cyclic testing. The results also showed that there was no significant difference in the behavior of the carbonation reaction of CaO at elevated pressures, regardless of the different precursors used to generate the CaO. DEWEY : 660 ISSN : 0888-5885 En ligne : http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie200914e

Physical and chemical mechanism for increased surface area and pore volume of CaO in water hydration / Zhenchao Sun in Industrial & engineering chemistry research, Vol. 51 N° 33 (Août 2012) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 33 (Août 2012) . - pp. 10793-10799 Titre : Physical and chemical mechanism for increased surface area and pore volume of CaO in water hydration Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Zhenchao Sun, Auteur ; Hao Chi, Auteur ; Liang-Shih Fan, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : pp. 10793-10799 Note générale : Industrial chemistry Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Hydration  Surface  area Résumé : The present work explores the fundamental mechanism behind the increased surface area and pore volume of CaO after hydration. First, a widely believed mechanism, the "physical attrition theory", is experimentally examined and is found to have limitations in explaining this phenomenon. Next, to explain the improvement of morphological properties by hydration, a typical water hydration process is examined by dividing the process into four independent chemical and physical substeps. The morphological changes of Ca(OH)2 and its derived CaO by each substep are measured by Brunauer―Emmett―Teller (BET) analysis. During the first step, the intrinsic chemical conversion from CaO to Ca(OH)2, the formed Ca(OH)2 product layer disintegrates because of its low tensile strength and weak crack resistance, which explains the increases in surface area and pore volume by steam/moisture hydration as well as the rapid heat release during hydration. The physical interaction with water (the second step) slightly decreases the surface area and pore volume, possibly by lodging microparticles into the porous structure of bigger particles and inducing stronger particle agglomeration. The Ca(OH)2 solid can further chemically bond water molecules (the third step), which significantly enlarges the solid volume during water-bonding and consequently generates a more porous structure during dehydration. The final precipitation of the dissolved Ca(OH)2 (the fourth step) decreases the solid's surface area and pore volume. This decrease is attributed to the formed microparticles from solution, which can plug some surface pores on the larger particles during the drying process. ISSN : 0888-5885 En ligne : http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=26286454 [article] Physical and chemical mechanism for increased surface area and pore volume of CaO in water hydration [texte imprimé] / Zhenchao Sun, Auteur ; Hao Chi, Auteur ; Liang-Shih Fan, Auteur . - 2012 . - pp. 10793-10799. Industrial chemistry Langues : Anglais (eng) in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 33 (Août 2012) . - pp. 10793-10799 Mots-clés : Hydration  Surface  area Résumé : The present work explores the fundamental mechanism behind the increased surface area and pore volume of CaO after hydration. First, a widely believed mechanism, the "physical attrition theory", is experimentally examined and is found to have limitations in explaining this phenomenon. Next, to explain the improvement of morphological properties by hydration, a typical water hydration process is examined by dividing the process into four independent chemical and physical substeps. The morphological changes of Ca(OH)2 and its derived CaO by each substep are measured by Brunauer―Emmett―Teller (BET) analysis. During the first step, the intrinsic chemical conversion from CaO to Ca(OH)2, the formed Ca(OH)2 product layer disintegrates because of its low tensile strength and weak crack resistance, which explains the increases in surface area and pore volume by steam/moisture hydration as well as the rapid heat release during hydration. The physical interaction with water (the second step) slightly decreases the surface area and pore volume, possibly by lodging microparticles into the porous structure of bigger particles and inducing stronger particle agglomeration. The Ca(OH)2 solid can further chemically bond water molecules (the third step), which significantly enlarges the solid volume during water-bonding and consequently generates a more porous structure during dehydration. The final precipitation of the dissolved Ca(OH)2 (the fourth step) decreases the solid's surface area and pore volume. This decrease is attributed to the formed microparticles from solution, which can plug some surface pores on the larger particles during the drying process. ISSN : 0888-5885 En ligne : http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=26286454

Techno - economic analysis of coal - based hydrogen and electricity cogeneration processes with CO2 capture / Fanxing Li in Industrial & engineering chemistry research, Vol. 49 N° 21 (Novembre 2010) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 21 (Novembre 2010) . - pp. 11018-11028 Titre : Techno - economic analysis of coal - based hydrogen and electricity cogeneration processes with CO2 capture Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Fanxing Li, Auteur ; Liang Zeng, Auteur ; Liang-Shih Fan, Auteur Année de publication : 2011 Article en page(s) : pp. 11018-11028 Note générale : Chimie industrielle Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Carbon  dioxide  Cogeneration  Coal  Economic  analysis Résumé : The techno-economic performances of various coal-based hydrogen and electricity cogeneration processes are examined under a carbon-constrained scenario. The baseline coal gasification process and the novel membrane and syngas chemical-looping processes are evaluated. Aspen Plus simulation is first performed to analyze the process efficiencies on the basis of a common set of assumptions. This is followed by economic analysis using the cost analysis principles suggested by the U.S. Department of Energy [Cost and Performance Baseline for Fossil Energy Plants, 2007]. The results indicate that the novel membrane and syngas chemical-looping strategies have the potential to notably reduce the energy and cost penalties for CO2 capture in coal conversion processes. ISSN : 0888-5885 En ligne : http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=23447997 [article] Techno - economic analysis of coal - based hydrogen and electricity cogeneration processes with CO2 capture [texte imprimé] / Fanxing Li, Auteur ; Liang Zeng, Auteur ; Liang-Shih Fan, Auteur . - 2011 . - pp. 11018-11028. Chimie industrielle Langues : Anglais (eng) in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 49 N° 21 (Novembre 2010) . - pp. 11018-11028 Mots-clés : Carbon  dioxide  Cogeneration  Coal  Economic  analysis Résumé : The techno-economic performances of various coal-based hydrogen and electricity cogeneration processes are examined under a carbon-constrained scenario. The baseline coal gasification process and the novel membrane and syngas chemical-looping processes are evaluated. Aspen Plus simulation is first performed to analyze the process efficiencies on the basis of a common set of assumptions. This is followed by economic analysis using the cost analysis principles suggested by the U.S. Department of Energy [Cost and Performance Baseline for Fossil Energy Plants, 2007]. The results indicate that the novel membrane and syngas chemical-looping strategies have the potential to notably reduce the energy and cost penalties for CO2 capture in coal conversion processes. ISSN : 0888-5885 En ligne : http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=23447997

Thermodynamic and experimental analyses of the three - stage calcium looping process / Shwetha Ramkumar in Industrial & engineering chemistry research, Vol. 49 N° 16 (Août 2010) 

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