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Natural gas hydrates / Yuri F. Makogon in Journal of natural gas science and engineering, Vol. 2 N° 1 (Mars 2010) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 2 N° 1 (Mars 2010) . - pp. 49–59 Titre : Natural gas hydrates : A promising source of energy Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Yuri F. Makogon, Auteur Année de publication : 2010 Article en page(s) : pp. 49–59 Note générale : Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Gas  hydrates  Energy  source  Messoyacha  field  Hydrate  distribution  Hydrate  kinetics  Morphology  of  gas  hydrates Résumé : Gas hydrates are clathrate physical compounds, in which the molecules of gas are occluded in crystalline cells, consisting of water molecules retained by the energy of hydrogen bonds. All gases can form hydrates under different pressures and temperatures. The crystalline structure of solid gas hydrate crystals has a strong dependence on gas composition, pressure, and temperature. Presently, three crystalline structures are known ( [Sloan, 1990] and [Sloan and Koh, 2007]) to form at moderate pressure, and nearly ten structures in the pressure range above 100 MPa. For example, methane hydrate can be stable at a pressure of 20 nPa to 2 GPa, and at temperatures changing from 70 to 350 K (Makogon, 1997). Formation of gas hydrate occurs when water and natural gas are present at a low temperature and a high pressure. Such conditions often exist in oil and gas wells, and pipeline equipment. Hydrate plugs can damage gas transport system equipment. The petroleum industry spends about one billion US dollars a year to prevent hydrate formation in wells, pipelines and equipment. Natural deposits of gas hydrates also exist on Earth in colder regions, such as permafrost, or sea bottom areas. Natural gas hydrates are an unconventional energy resource. Potential reserves of gas in hydrated posits distributed offshore and on land are over 1.5 × 1016 m3 (Makogon, 1982). About 97% of natural gas hydrates have been located offshore, and only 3% on land. At present time, there are several successful federal research programs in a number of countries for research and development of gas hydrate deposits. Over 230 gas hydrate deposits were discovered, over a hundred wells drilled, and kilometers of cores studied. Gas hydrate resource is distributed conveniently for development by most every country. Effective tools for the recovery of gas from hydrate deposits, and new technology for development of gas hydrate deposits are being developed. There is a commercial production of natural gas from hydrates in Siberia. Researchers continue to study the properties of natural gas hydrates at reservoir conditions, and develop new technologies for exploration and production of gas from hydrate deposits in different geological formations. DEWEY : 665.7 ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875510009000754 [article] Natural gas hydrates : A promising source of energy [texte imprimé] / Yuri F. Makogon, Auteur . - 2010 . - pp. 49–59. Génie Chimique Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of natural gas science and engineering > Vol. 2 N° 1 (Mars 2010) . - pp. 49–59 Mots-clés : Gas  hydrates  Energy  source  Messoyacha  field  Hydrate  distribution  Hydrate  kinetics  Morphology  of  gas  hydrates Résumé : Gas hydrates are clathrate physical compounds, in which the molecules of gas are occluded in crystalline cells, consisting of water molecules retained by the energy of hydrogen bonds. All gases can form hydrates under different pressures and temperatures. The crystalline structure of solid gas hydrate crystals has a strong dependence on gas composition, pressure, and temperature. Presently, three crystalline structures are known ( [Sloan, 1990] and [Sloan and Koh, 2007]) to form at moderate pressure, and nearly ten structures in the pressure range above 100 MPa. For example, methane hydrate can be stable at a pressure of 20 nPa to 2 GPa, and at temperatures changing from 70 to 350 K (Makogon, 1997). Formation of gas hydrate occurs when water and natural gas are present at a low temperature and a high pressure. Such conditions often exist in oil and gas wells, and pipeline equipment. Hydrate plugs can damage gas transport system equipment. The petroleum industry spends about one billion US dollars a year to prevent hydrate formation in wells, pipelines and equipment. Natural deposits of gas hydrates also exist on Earth in colder regions, such as permafrost, or sea bottom areas. Natural gas hydrates are an unconventional energy resource. Potential reserves of gas in hydrated posits distributed offshore and on land are over 1.5 × 1016 m3 (Makogon, 1982). About 97% of natural gas hydrates have been located offshore, and only 3% on land. At present time, there are several successful federal research programs in a number of countries for research and development of gas hydrate deposits. Over 230 gas hydrate deposits were discovered, over a hundred wells drilled, and kilometers of cores studied. Gas hydrate resource is distributed conveniently for development by most every country. Effective tools for the recovery of gas from hydrate deposits, and new technology for development of gas hydrate deposits are being developed. There is a commercial production of natural gas from hydrates in Siberia. Researchers continue to study the properties of natural gas hydrates at reservoir conditions, and develop new technologies for exploration and production of gas from hydrate deposits in different geological formations. DEWEY : 665.7 ISSN : 1875-5100 En ligne : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875510009000754