Documents disponibles écrits par cet auteur

Application of the carbon balance method to flare emissions characteristics / Scott C. Herndon in Industrial & engineering chemistry research, Vol. 51 N° 39 (Octobre 2012) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 39 (Octobre 2012) . - pp. 12577-12585 Titre : Application of the carbon balance method to flare emissions characteristics Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Scott C. Herndon, Auteur ; David D. Nelson, Auteur ; Ezra C. Wood, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : pp. 12577-12585 Note générale : Industrial chemistry Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Carbon  balance Résumé : The destruction and removal efficiency (DRE) computation of target hydrocarbon species in the flaring process is derived using carbon balance methodologies. This analysis approach is applied to data acquired during the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality 2010 Flare Study. Example DRE calculations are described and discussed. Carbon balance is achieved to within 2% for the analysis of flare vent gases. Overall method uncertainty is evaluated and examined together with apparent variability in flare combustion performance. Using fast response direct sampling measurements to characterize flare combustion parameters is sufficiently accurate to produce performance curves on a large-scale industrial flare operating at low vent gas flow rates. En ligne : http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=26419211 [article] Application of the carbon balance method to flare emissions characteristics [texte imprimé] / Scott C. Herndon, Auteur ; David D. Nelson, Auteur ; Ezra C. Wood, Auteur . - 2012 . - pp. 12577-12585. Industrial chemistry Langues : Anglais (eng) in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 39 (Octobre 2012) . - pp. 12577-12585 Mots-clés : Carbon  balance Résumé : The destruction and removal efficiency (DRE) computation of target hydrocarbon species in the flaring process is derived using carbon balance methodologies. This analysis approach is applied to data acquired during the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality 2010 Flare Study. Example DRE calculations are described and discussed. Carbon balance is achieved to within 2% for the analysis of flare vent gases. Overall method uncertainty is evaluated and examined together with apparent variability in flare combustion performance. Using fast response direct sampling measurements to characterize flare combustion parameters is sufficiently accurate to produce performance curves on a large-scale industrial flare operating at low vent gas flow rates. En ligne : http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=26419211

Combustion and destruction/removal efficiencies of In-use chemical flares in the greater houston area / Ezra C. Wood in Industrial & engineering chemistry research, Vol. 51 N° 39 (Octobre 2012) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 39 (Octobre 2012) . - pp. 12685-12696 Titre : Combustion and destruction/removal efficiencies of In-use chemical flares in the greater houston area Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Ezra C. Wood, Auteur ; Scott C. Herndon, Auteur ; Ed C. Fortner, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : pp. 12685-12696 Note générale : Industrial chemistry Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Combustion Résumé : Alkene emissions from the petrochemical industry contribute significantly to ozone production in the greater Houston area but are underestimated in emission inventories. It is not well-known which processes (e.g., fugitive emissions, chemical flare emissions, etc.) are responsible for these underreported emissions. We use fast time response and ground-based mobile measurements of numerous trace gas species to characterize alkene plumes from three identified chemical flares in the greater Houston area. We calculate the combustion efficiency and destruction and removal efficiency (DRE) values of these flares using the carbon balance method. All three flares were operating at DRE values lower than required by regulation. An examination of photochemistry in flare exhaust plumes indicates that the impact of direct formaldehyde emissions from flares on ozone formation is small as compared to the impact of alkene emissions. ISSN : 0888-5885 En ligne : http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=26419223 [article] Combustion and destruction/removal efficiencies of In-use chemical flares in the greater houston area [texte imprimé] / Ezra C. Wood, Auteur ; Scott C. Herndon, Auteur ; Ed C. Fortner, Auteur . - 2012 . - pp. 12685-12696. Industrial chemistry Langues : Anglais (eng) in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 39 (Octobre 2012) . - pp. 12685-12696 Mots-clés : Combustion Résumé : Alkene emissions from the petrochemical industry contribute significantly to ozone production in the greater Houston area but are underestimated in emission inventories. It is not well-known which processes (e.g., fugitive emissions, chemical flare emissions, etc.) are responsible for these underreported emissions. We use fast time response and ground-based mobile measurements of numerous trace gas species to characterize alkene plumes from three identified chemical flares in the greater Houston area. We calculate the combustion efficiency and destruction and removal efficiency (DRE) values of these flares using the carbon balance method. All three flares were operating at DRE values lower than required by regulation. An examination of photochemistry in flare exhaust plumes indicates that the impact of direct formaldehyde emissions from flares on ozone formation is small as compared to the impact of alkene emissions. ISSN : 0888-5885 En ligne : http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=26419223

Comparison of remote sensing and extractive sampling measurements of flare combustion efficiency / Joda Wormhoudt in Industrial & engineering chemistry research, Vol. 51 N° 39 (Octobre 2012) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 39 (Octobre 2012) . - pp. 12621–12629 Titre : Comparison of remote sensing and extractive sampling measurements of flare combustion efficiency Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Joda Wormhoudt, Auteur ; Scott C. Herndon, Auteur ; Jon Franklin, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : pp. 12621–12629 Note générale : Industrial chemistry Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Flare  combustion Résumé : The 2010 Comprehensive Flare Study provided the opportunity for the first blind validation of a remote sensing technique for flare combustion efficiency (CE) against extractive analysis techniques. The overall test results show that both remote sensing and extractive sampling accurately determined the flare performance curve. Both remote and extractive sampling techniques are challenged by the fluctuating and inhomogeneous nature of the flare exhaust plume. Accurate measurement of CE values near 100% is of interest to flare manufacturers, users, and regulators, while measurement of low CE flares is of interest in the development of other applications of combustion monitoring, and the 2010 tests provided information on both. In practice, accurate values of CE can be determined through the measurement of a small number of gaseous species, including fuel components and products of combustion. Nominal error bars generated from the fluctuations in these component measurements were adequate to account for most of the differences between the remote and extractive sampling CE measurements. The additional analysis reported here focused on individual species measurements and on cases where CE values measured by the two techniques differed by more than the nominal error estimates. In all cases, the key difference was the measurement of the main component of the fuel (in these tests, propene or propane). We discuss the challenges involved in these measurements. ISSN : 0888-5885 En ligne : http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie202783m [article] Comparison of remote sensing and extractive sampling measurements of flare combustion efficiency [texte imprimé] / Joda Wormhoudt, Auteur ; Scott C. Herndon, Auteur ; Jon Franklin, Auteur . - 2012 . - pp. 12621–12629. Industrial chemistry Langues : Anglais (eng) in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 39 (Octobre 2012) . - pp. 12621–12629 Mots-clés : Flare  combustion Résumé : The 2010 Comprehensive Flare Study provided the opportunity for the first blind validation of a remote sensing technique for flare combustion efficiency (CE) against extractive analysis techniques. The overall test results show that both remote sensing and extractive sampling accurately determined the flare performance curve. Both remote and extractive sampling techniques are challenged by the fluctuating and inhomogeneous nature of the flare exhaust plume. Accurate measurement of CE values near 100% is of interest to flare manufacturers, users, and regulators, while measurement of low CE flares is of interest in the development of other applications of combustion monitoring, and the 2010 tests provided information on both. In practice, accurate values of CE can be determined through the measurement of a small number of gaseous species, including fuel components and products of combustion. Nominal error bars generated from the fluctuations in these component measurements were adequate to account for most of the differences between the remote and extractive sampling CE measurements. The additional analysis reported here focused on individual species measurements and on cases where CE values measured by the two techniques differed by more than the nominal error estimates. In all cases, the key difference was the measurement of the main component of the fuel (in these tests, propene or propane). We discuss the challenges involved in these measurements. ISSN : 0888-5885 En ligne : http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie202783m

Detecting fugitive emissions of 1,3-butadiene and styrene from a petrochemical facility / W. Berk Knighton in Industrial & engineering chemistry research, Vol. 51 N° 39 (Octobre 2012) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 39 (Octobre 2012) . - pp. 12706-12711 Titre : Detecting fugitive emissions of 1,3-butadiene and styrene from a petrochemical facility : An application of a mobile laboratory and a modified proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : W. Berk Knighton, Auteur ; Scott C. Herndon, Auteur ; Ezra C. Wood, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : pp. 12706-12711 Note générale : Industrial chemistry Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Petrochemical  industry  Fugacity Résumé : The petrochemical industry is a major source of 1,3-butadiene and styrene emissions within the Houston-Galveston area. Both compounds are listed as hazardous air pollutants by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) lists 1,3-butadiene as a highly reactive volatile organic compound. The Aerodyne Mobile Laboratory (AML) was deployed in 2009 as part of the Study of Houston Atmospheric Radical Precursor (SHARP) project to survey the petrochemical complexes in the Houston ship channel area for air toxics releases. This paper describes how the AML, equipped with a modified proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer configured to operate with NO+ as the reagent ion, was used to characterize and quantify fugitive emissions. On April 26, 2009, the AML surveyed the Goodyear Tire and Rubber and Texas Petrochemical (GY-TPC) complex by circumnavigating the facility on public roads while making continuous measurements. The extensive suite of trace gas instrumentation onboard the AML was used to identify fugitive emissions of 1,3-butadiene and styrene from the industrial complex and to distinguish them from any interfering mobile sources. The mobile lab detected significantly enhanced concentrations of 1,3-butadiene (30 ppbv max) and styrene (15 ppbv max). These results are examined with respect to the prevailing winds and routine ambient air monitoring data from TCEQ's Milby Park AutoGC, which is located adjacent to the GY-TPC complex. Simple Gaussian point source plume model calculations predict source emission rates that are consistent with reported emission inventories. ISSN : 0888-5885 En ligne : http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=26419225 [article] Detecting fugitive emissions of 1,3-butadiene and styrene from a petrochemical facility : An application of a mobile laboratory and a modified proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer [texte imprimé] / W. Berk Knighton, Auteur ; Scott C. Herndon, Auteur ; Ezra C. Wood, Auteur . - 2012 . - pp. 12706-12711. Industrial chemistry Langues : Anglais (eng) in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 39 (Octobre 2012) . - pp. 12706-12711 Mots-clés : Petrochemical  industry  Fugacity Résumé : The petrochemical industry is a major source of 1,3-butadiene and styrene emissions within the Houston-Galveston area. Both compounds are listed as hazardous air pollutants by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) lists 1,3-butadiene as a highly reactive volatile organic compound. The Aerodyne Mobile Laboratory (AML) was deployed in 2009 as part of the Study of Houston Atmospheric Radical Precursor (SHARP) project to survey the petrochemical complexes in the Houston ship channel area for air toxics releases. This paper describes how the AML, equipped with a modified proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer configured to operate with NO+ as the reagent ion, was used to characterize and quantify fugitive emissions. On April 26, 2009, the AML surveyed the Goodyear Tire and Rubber and Texas Petrochemical (GY-TPC) complex by circumnavigating the facility on public roads while making continuous measurements. The extensive suite of trace gas instrumentation onboard the AML was used to identify fugitive emissions of 1,3-butadiene and styrene from the industrial complex and to distinguish them from any interfering mobile sources. The mobile lab detected significantly enhanced concentrations of 1,3-butadiene (30 ppbv max) and styrene (15 ppbv max). These results are examined with respect to the prevailing winds and routine ambient air monitoring data from TCEQ's Milby Park AutoGC, which is located adjacent to the GY-TPC complex. Simple Gaussian point source plume model calculations predict source emission rates that are consistent with reported emission inventories. ISSN : 0888-5885 En ligne : http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=26419225

Direct measurement of volatile organic compound emissions from industrial flares using real-time online techniques / W. Berk Knighton in Industrial & engineering chemistry research, Vol. 51 N° 39 (Octobre 2012) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 39 (Octobre 2012) . - pp. 12674-12684 Titre : Direct measurement of volatile organic compound emissions from industrial flares using real-time online techniques : Proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry and tunable infrared laser differential absorption spectroscopy Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : W. Berk Knighton, Auteur ; Scott C. Herndon, Auteur ; Jon F. Franklin, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : pp. 12674-12684 Note générale : Industrial chemistry Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Laser  Mass  spectrometry  Real  time  system  Real  time  Volatile  organic  compound Résumé : During the 2010 Comprehensive Flare Study a suite of analytical instrumentation was employed to monitor and quantify in real-time the volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions emanating from an industrial chemical process flare burning either propene/natural gas or propane/natural gas. To our knowledge this represents the first time the VOC composition has been directly measured as a function of flare efficiency on an operational full-scale flare. This compositional information was obtained using a suite of proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometers (PTR-MS) and quantum cascade laser tunable infrared differential absorption spectrometers (QCL-TILDAS) to measure the unburned fuel and associated combustion byproducts. Methane, ethyne, ethene, and formaldehyde were measured using the QC-TLLDAS. Propene, acetaldehyde, methanol, benzene, acrolein, and the sum of the C3H6O isomers were measured with the PTR-MS. A second PTR-MS equipped with a gas chromatograph (GC) was operated in parallel and was used to verify the identity of the neutral components that were responsible for producing the ions monitored with the first PTR-MS. Additional components including 1,3-butadiene and C3H4 (propyne or allene) were identified using the GC/PTR-MS. The propene concentrations derived from the PTR-MS were found to agree with measurements made using a conventional GC with a flame ionization detector (FID). The VOC product (excludes fuel components) speciation profile is more dependent on fuel composition, propene versus propane, than on flare type, air-assisted versus steam-assisted, and is essentially constant with respect to combustion efficiency for combustion efficiencies >0.8. Propane flares produce more alkenes with ethene and propene accounting for approximately 80% (per carbon basis) of the VOC combustion product. The propene partial combustion product profile was observed to contain relatively more oxygenated material where formaldehyde and acetaldehyde are major contributors and account for ∼20 - 25% of VOC product carbon. Steam-assisted flares produce less ethyne and benzene than air-assisted flares. This observation is consistent with the understanding that steam assisted flares are more efficient at reducing soot, which is formed via the same reaction mechanisms that form benzene and ethyne. ISSN : 0888-5885 En ligne : http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=26419222 [article] Direct measurement of volatile organic compound emissions from industrial flares using real-time online techniques : Proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry and tunable infrared laser differential absorption spectroscopy [texte imprimé] / W. Berk Knighton, Auteur ; Scott C. Herndon, Auteur ; Jon F. Franklin, Auteur . - 2012 . - pp. 12674-12684. Industrial chemistry Langues : Anglais (eng) in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 39 (Octobre 2012) . - pp. 12674-12684 Mots-clés : Laser  Mass  spectrometry  Real  time  system  Real  time  Volatile  organic  compound Résumé : During the 2010 Comprehensive Flare Study a suite of analytical instrumentation was employed to monitor and quantify in real-time the volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions emanating from an industrial chemical process flare burning either propene/natural gas or propane/natural gas. To our knowledge this represents the first time the VOC composition has been directly measured as a function of flare efficiency on an operational full-scale flare. This compositional information was obtained using a suite of proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometers (PTR-MS) and quantum cascade laser tunable infrared differential absorption spectrometers (QCL-TILDAS) to measure the unburned fuel and associated combustion byproducts. Methane, ethyne, ethene, and formaldehyde were measured using the QC-TLLDAS. Propene, acetaldehyde, methanol, benzene, acrolein, and the sum of the C3H6O isomers were measured with the PTR-MS. A second PTR-MS equipped with a gas chromatograph (GC) was operated in parallel and was used to verify the identity of the neutral components that were responsible for producing the ions monitored with the first PTR-MS. Additional components including 1,3-butadiene and C3H4 (propyne or allene) were identified using the GC/PTR-MS. The propene concentrations derived from the PTR-MS were found to agree with measurements made using a conventional GC with a flame ionization detector (FID). The VOC product (excludes fuel components) speciation profile is more dependent on fuel composition, propene versus propane, than on flare type, air-assisted versus steam-assisted, and is essentially constant with respect to combustion efficiency for combustion efficiencies >0.8. Propane flares produce more alkenes with ethene and propene accounting for approximately 80% (per carbon basis) of the VOC combustion product. The propene partial combustion product profile was observed to contain relatively more oxygenated material where formaldehyde and acetaldehyde are major contributors and account for ∼20 - 25% of VOC product carbon. Steam-assisted flares produce less ethyne and benzene than air-assisted flares. This observation is consistent with the understanding that steam assisted flares are more efficient at reducing soot, which is formed via the same reaction mechanisms that form benzene and ethyne. ISSN : 0888-5885 En ligne : http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=26419222

Gas turbine engine emissions—Part I: Volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides / Michael T. Timko in Transactions of the ASME . Journal of engineering for gas turbines and power, Vol. 132 N° 6 (Juin 2010) 

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