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Impact of flare destruction efficiency and products of incomplete combustion on ozone formation in houston, texas / Fahad M. Al Fadhli in Industrial & engineering chemistry research, Vol. 51 N° 39 (Octobre 2012) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 39 (Octobre 2012) . - pp. 12663-12673 Titre : Impact of flare destruction efficiency and products of incomplete combustion on ozone formation in houston, texas Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Fahad M. Al Fadhli, Auteur ; Yosuke Kimura, Auteur ; Elena C. McDonald-Buller, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : pp. 12663-12673 Note générale : Industrial chemistry Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Pollutant  formation  Combustion Résumé : The impact of flare destruction removal efficiency (DRE) and Products of Incomplete Combustion (PICs) on ozone formation was examined using a regional photochemical model. Emission scenarios for five industrial flares were considered. For each flare, four DRE values (95, 90, 75, and 50%) were assumed, along with a base case that assumed 98 or 99% DRE. For each DRE level, a scenario assuming that no PICs and a scenario assuming a level of PICs consistent with full scale flare tests was evaluated. Simulation results indicated that low DREs can increase ambient ozone concentrations by more than 15 ppb under some conditions, but under other conditions, may raise ozone concentrations by 1 ppb or less. Emission rates of unburned flare gases and the chemical reactivity of the unburned hydrocarbons explain much of the variability in ozone formation. The air quality simulations also showed that unburned flare gases can have a larger impact on ozone formation than PICs. ISSN : 0888-5885 En ligne : http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=26419221 [article] Impact of flare destruction efficiency and products of incomplete combustion on ozone formation in houston, texas [texte imprimé] / Fahad M. Al Fadhli, Auteur ; Yosuke Kimura, Auteur ; Elena C. McDonald-Buller, Auteur . - 2012 . - pp. 12663-12673. Industrial chemistry Langues : Anglais (eng) in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 39 (Octobre 2012) . - pp. 12663-12673 Mots-clés : Pollutant  formation  Combustion Résumé : The impact of flare destruction removal efficiency (DRE) and Products of Incomplete Combustion (PICs) on ozone formation was examined using a regional photochemical model. Emission scenarios for five industrial flares were considered. For each flare, four DRE values (95, 90, 75, and 50%) were assumed, along with a base case that assumed 98 or 99% DRE. For each DRE level, a scenario assuming that no PICs and a scenario assuming a level of PICs consistent with full scale flare tests was evaluated. Simulation results indicated that low DREs can increase ambient ozone concentrations by more than 15 ppb under some conditions, but under other conditions, may raise ozone concentrations by 1 ppb or less. Emission rates of unburned flare gases and the chemical reactivity of the unburned hydrocarbons explain much of the variability in ozone formation. The air quality simulations also showed that unburned flare gases can have a larger impact on ozone formation than PICs. ISSN : 0888-5885 En ligne : http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=26419221

Impacts of air-assist flare blower configurations on flaring emissions / Fahad M. Al Fadhli in Industrial & engineering chemistry research, Vol. 51 N° 39 (Octobre 2012) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 39 (Octobre 2012) . - pp. 12606-12610 Titre : Impacts of air-assist flare blower configurations on flaring emissions Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Fahad M. Al Fadhli, Auteur ; Vincent M. Torres, Auteur ; David T. Allen, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : pp. 12606-12610 Note générale : Industrial chemistry Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Air  assist  flare Résumé : Air-assisted flares, operating under low flow conditions (<1% of maximum flow) with low BTU gases, have relatively narrow bands of air-to-vent gas ratios that can achieve destruction and removal efficiencies (DREs, fraction of waste gases destroyed by complete and incomplete combustion) greater than 98%. If blower configurations are not able to operate within these narrow bands, emissions may be greater than those predicted based on 98% DRE, but if air-assist rates can be finely tuned, emissions much lower than those predicted assuming 98% DRE are achievable. This work examines the potential impact on emissions of using four different blower configurations (single fixed speed, dual fixed speed, single variable speed, and dual variable speed) on an air-assisted flare. Typical patterns of flare vent gas flow rates were obtained from hourly data on flared gas flow rates from Houston, Texas. The analyses indicate that flare emissions can be much greater (up to a factor of 40) than a base case assuming 98% DRE if single, fixed speed blower configurations are used. Conversely, flare emissions can be much lower than a base case assuming 98% DRE if air-assist rates can be closely matched to stoichiometric requirements. ISSN : 0888-5885 En ligne : http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie3012209 [article] Impacts of air-assist flare blower configurations on flaring emissions [texte imprimé] / Fahad M. Al Fadhli, Auteur ; Vincent M. Torres, Auteur ; David T. Allen, Auteur . - 2012 . - pp. 12606-12610. Industrial chemistry Langues : Anglais (eng) in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 39 (Octobre 2012) . - pp. 12606-12610 Mots-clés : Air  assist  flare Résumé : Air-assisted flares, operating under low flow conditions (<1% of maximum flow) with low BTU gases, have relatively narrow bands of air-to-vent gas ratios that can achieve destruction and removal efficiencies (DREs, fraction of waste gases destroyed by complete and incomplete combustion) greater than 98%. If blower configurations are not able to operate within these narrow bands, emissions may be greater than those predicted based on 98% DRE, but if air-assist rates can be finely tuned, emissions much lower than those predicted assuming 98% DRE are achievable. This work examines the potential impact on emissions of using four different blower configurations (single fixed speed, dual fixed speed, single variable speed, and dual variable speed) on an air-assisted flare. Typical patterns of flare vent gas flow rates were obtained from hourly data on flared gas flow rates from Houston, Texas. The analyses indicate that flare emissions can be much greater (up to a factor of 40) than a base case assuming 98% DRE if single, fixed speed blower configurations are used. Conversely, flare emissions can be much lower than a base case assuming 98% DRE if air-assist rates can be closely matched to stoichiometric requirements. ISSN : 0888-5885 En ligne : http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie3012209

Impacts of emission variability and flare combustion efficiency on ozone formation in the houston–galveston–brazoria area / Radovan T. Pavlovic in Industrial & engineering chemistry research, Vol. 51 N° 39 (Octobre 2012) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 39 (Octobre 2012) . - pp. 12593-12599 Titre : Impacts of emission variability and flare combustion efficiency on ozone formation in the houston–galveston–brazoria area Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Radovan T. Pavlovic, Auteur ; Fahad M. Al Fadhli, Auteur ; Yosuke Kimura, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : pp. 12593-12599 Note générale : Industrial chemistry Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Pollutant  formation  Combustion Résumé : Recent studies in the Houston―Galveston―Brazoria (HGB) area of Texas have suggested that industrial flares exhibit high temporal emissions variability and that flare combustion efficiencies could vary with air and steam assist rates, particularly at lower flow rates, and when low heating value gases are combusted. This work examined the difference in ozone formation potential associated with accounting for temporal variability in flaring emissions, as opposed to assuming the same amount of mass was emitted at a constant, average flow rate. The temporal variability in flare emissions was found to lead to differences in ozone concentrations of as much as 27 ppb in the HGB area. This work also examined the potential ozone formation impacts of flare combustion efficiencies of less than 98―99%, applied to 25 flares throughout the HGB region. Deterioration in combustion efficiency (CE) was found to affect ozone concentrations by a few to more than 50 ppb, depending on the level of the assumed CE. While the ozone impacts associated with temporal variability in emissions typically lasted a few hours, consistent with the length of large flaring events, lowering of the CE significantly increased emissions and ozone concentrations over periods ranging from several hours to several days for some flare types. Thus, changes in CE may affect ozone concentrations for longer durations and over larger spatial extents than episodic emissions events. ISSN : 0888-5885 En ligne : http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=26419213 [article] Impacts of emission variability and flare combustion efficiency on ozone formation in the houston–galveston–brazoria area [texte imprimé] / Radovan T. Pavlovic, Auteur ; Fahad M. Al Fadhli, Auteur ; Yosuke Kimura, Auteur . - 2012 . - pp. 12593-12599. Industrial chemistry Langues : Anglais (eng) in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 39 (Octobre 2012) . - pp. 12593-12599 Mots-clés : Pollutant  formation  Combustion Résumé : Recent studies in the Houston―Galveston―Brazoria (HGB) area of Texas have suggested that industrial flares exhibit high temporal emissions variability and that flare combustion efficiencies could vary with air and steam assist rates, particularly at lower flow rates, and when low heating value gases are combusted. This work examined the difference in ozone formation potential associated with accounting for temporal variability in flaring emissions, as opposed to assuming the same amount of mass was emitted at a constant, average flow rate. The temporal variability in flare emissions was found to lead to differences in ozone concentrations of as much as 27 ppb in the HGB area. This work also examined the potential ozone formation impacts of flare combustion efficiencies of less than 98―99%, applied to 25 flares throughout the HGB region. Deterioration in combustion efficiency (CE) was found to affect ozone concentrations by a few to more than 50 ppb, depending on the level of the assumed CE. While the ozone impacts associated with temporal variability in emissions typically lasted a few hours, consistent with the length of large flaring events, lowering of the CE significantly increased emissions and ozone concentrations over periods ranging from several hours to several days for some flare types. Thus, changes in CE may affect ozone concentrations for longer durations and over larger spatial extents than episodic emissions events. ISSN : 0888-5885 En ligne : http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=26419213

Minimize flaring through integration with fuel gas networks / Anoop Jagannath in Industrial & engineering chemistry research, Vol. 51 N° 39 (Octobre 2012) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 39 (Octobre 2012) . - pp. 12630-12641 Titre : Minimize flaring through integration with fuel gas networks Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Anoop Jagannath, Auteur ; M. M. Faruque Hasan, Auteur ; Fahad M. Al Fadhli, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : pp. 12630-12641 Note générale : Industrial chemistry Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Fuel  gas Résumé : A fuel gas network (FGN) in a petrochemical complex can save energy costs substantially and reduce flaring by utilizing purge/waste fuel streams (Hasan et al. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2011, 50, 7414―7427). A properly designed FGN can involve complex and nonintuitive mixing scenarios and equipment arrangements. Furthermore, the purge/waste gases and their characteristics can vary significantly with changing operation modes in a plant, which makes routing them into an FGN a challenge. This article reports a multiperiod two-stage stochastic programming model to design and operate an FGN that caters to all operating modes, and shows the usefulness of optimized FGN on a refinery case study. Results show that the proposed model produces a resilient FGN and reduces capital costs versus the single-mode model of (Hasan et aL Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2011, 50, 7414―7427). In addition, several strategies to minimize flaring and environmental penalties in a refinery operation are examined. ISSN : 0888-5885 En ligne : http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=26419218 [article] Minimize flaring through integration with fuel gas networks [texte imprimé] / Anoop Jagannath, Auteur ; M. M. Faruque Hasan, Auteur ; Fahad M. Al Fadhli, Auteur . - 2012 . - pp. 12630-12641. Industrial chemistry Langues : Anglais (eng) in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 51 N° 39 (Octobre 2012) . - pp. 12630-12641 Mots-clés : Fuel  gas Résumé : A fuel gas network (FGN) in a petrochemical complex can save energy costs substantially and reduce flaring by utilizing purge/waste fuel streams (Hasan et al. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2011, 50, 7414―7427). A properly designed FGN can involve complex and nonintuitive mixing scenarios and equipment arrangements. Furthermore, the purge/waste gases and their characteristics can vary significantly with changing operation modes in a plant, which makes routing them into an FGN a challenge. This article reports a multiperiod two-stage stochastic programming model to design and operate an FGN that caters to all operating modes, and shows the usefulness of optimized FGN on a refinery case study. Results show that the proposed model produces a resilient FGN and reduces capital costs versus the single-mode model of (Hasan et aL Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2011, 50, 7414―7427). In addition, several strategies to minimize flaring and environmental penalties in a refinery operation are examined. ISSN : 0888-5885 En ligne : http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=26419218