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Differential amplifier with current-mirror load / George F. Paulik in IEEE transactions on education, Vol. 55 N° 2 (Mai 2012) 

Public ISBD [article]  in IEEE transactions on education > Vol. 55 N° 2 (Mai 2012) . - pp. 233 - 237 Titre : Differential amplifier with current-mirror load : influence of current gain, early voltage, and supply voltage on the DC output voltage Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : George F. Paulik, Auteur ; Raymond P. Mayer, Auteur Année de publication : 2013 Article en page(s) : pp. 233 - 237 Note générale : Education Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Amplifier  Base  currents  Current  gain  Differential  amplifier  Emitter-coupled  differential  amplifier  Gain  Output  voltage Résumé : A differential amplifier composed of an emitter-coupled pair is useful as an example in lecture presentations and laboratory experiments in electronic circuit analysis courses. However, in an active circuit with zero input load Vid, both laboratory measurements and PSPICE and LTspice simulation results for the output voltage Vo are considerably lower than one base emitter unit VBE(on) below the supply voltage VCC, as predicted by a textbook derivation. Modification of the derivation to include the p-n-p transistor base currents and the current gain βP and the supply voltage and specifications for the four transistors provide equations that predict results for Vo that are consistent with laboratory experience and computer simulations. The output voltage is in excess of three VBE(on) units below VCC when βP is 50. At larger values for βP , Vo is increased by a factor proportional to 1/βP, reaching one VBE(on) unit below VCC as βP approaches infinity. Larger values for VCC cause an additional modest difference between VCC and Vo at low values for βP. The derived equations and LTspice values are used to develop an empirical equation that predicts output voltages for the given Early voltages. The technique is adaptable to student data evaluation assignments. The computer simulations also showed that increased supply voltage results in increased gain for a given input value for Vid, while larger values for βP result in a modest increase in gain at all values of VCC. ISSN : 0018-9359 En ligne : http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=6003805&sortType%3Das [...] [article] Differential amplifier with current-mirror load : influence of current gain, early voltage, and supply voltage on the DC output voltage [texte imprimé] / George F. Paulik, Auteur ; Raymond P. Mayer, Auteur . - 2013 . - pp. 233 - 237. Education Langues : Anglais (eng) in IEEE transactions on education > Vol. 55 N° 2 (Mai 2012) . - pp. 233 - 237 Mots-clés : Amplifier  Base  currents  Current  gain  Differential  amplifier  Emitter-coupled  differential  amplifier  Gain  Output  voltage Résumé : A differential amplifier composed of an emitter-coupled pair is useful as an example in lecture presentations and laboratory experiments in electronic circuit analysis courses. However, in an active circuit with zero input load Vid, both laboratory measurements and PSPICE and LTspice simulation results for the output voltage Vo are considerably lower than one base emitter unit VBE(on) below the supply voltage VCC, as predicted by a textbook derivation. Modification of the derivation to include the p-n-p transistor base currents and the current gain βP and the supply voltage and specifications for the four transistors provide equations that predict results for Vo that are consistent with laboratory experience and computer simulations. The output voltage is in excess of three VBE(on) units below VCC when βP is 50. At larger values for βP , Vo is increased by a factor proportional to 1/βP, reaching one VBE(on) unit below VCC as βP approaches infinity. Larger values for VCC cause an additional modest difference between VCC and Vo at low values for βP. The derived equations and LTspice values are used to develop an empirical equation that predicts output voltages for the given Early voltages. The technique is adaptable to student data evaluation assignments. The computer simulations also showed that increased supply voltage results in increased gain for a given input value for Vid, while larger values for βP result in a modest increase in gain at all values of VCC. ISSN : 0018-9359 En ligne : http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=6003805&sortType%3Das [...]