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Benzene reduction by alkylation in a solid phosphoric acid catalyzed olefin oligomerization process / Tebogo M. Sakuneka in Industrial & engineering chemistry research, Vol. 47 N°19 (Octobre 2008) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 47 N°19 (Octobre 2008) . - p. 7178–7183 Titre : Benzene reduction by alkylation in a solid phosphoric acid catalyzed olefin oligomerization process Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Tebogo M. Sakuneka, Auteur ; Reinier J. J. Nel, Auteur ; Arno de Klerk, Auteur Année de publication : 2008 Article en page(s) : p. 7178–7183 Note générale : Chemical engineering Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Solid  phosphoric  acid  Benzene  Olefin  oligomerization Résumé : A refinery with a solid phosphoric acid olefin oligomerization unit can reduce the benzene content of its motor-gasoline by co-feeding the benzene-containing material to that unit. It has been shown that benzene co-feeding has little disruptive impact on olefin oligomerization, and >80% benzene conversion to alkylated benzenes has been demonstrated during a commercial test run on an industrial unit. Benzene conversion is insensitive to reactor inlet temperature in the range of 160−180 °C and remains better than 80% at liquid hourly space velocities of up to 1.5 h−1. A high propene content in the olefinic feed promotes benzene alkylation, and although butene-rich feeds can be employed, benzene conversion is lower. En ligne : http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie800672p [article] Benzene reduction by alkylation in a solid phosphoric acid catalyzed olefin oligomerization process [texte imprimé] / Tebogo M. Sakuneka, Auteur ; Reinier J. J. Nel, Auteur ; Arno de Klerk, Auteur . - 2008 . - p. 7178–7183. Chemical engineering Langues : Anglais (eng) in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 47 N°19 (Octobre 2008) . - p. 7178–7183 Mots-clés : Solid  phosphoric  acid  Benzene  Olefin  oligomerization Résumé : A refinery with a solid phosphoric acid olefin oligomerization unit can reduce the benzene content of its motor-gasoline by co-feeding the benzene-containing material to that unit. It has been shown that benzene co-feeding has little disruptive impact on olefin oligomerization, and >80% benzene conversion to alkylated benzenes has been demonstrated during a commercial test run on an industrial unit. Benzene conversion is insensitive to reactor inlet temperature in the range of 160−180 °C and remains better than 80% at liquid hourly space velocities of up to 1.5 h−1. A high propene content in the olefinic feed promotes benzene alkylation, and although butene-rich feeds can be employed, benzene conversion is lower. En ligne : http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie800672p

Dehydration of C5−C12 linear 1-alcohols over η-alumina to fuel ethers / Reinier J. J. Nel in Industrial & engineering chemistry research, Vol. 48 N° 11 (Juin 2009) 

Public ISBD [article]  in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 48 N° 11 (Juin 2009) . - pp. 5230–5238 Titre : Dehydration of C5−C12 linear 1-alcohols over η-alumina to fuel ethers Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Reinier J. J. Nel, Auteur ; Arno de Klerk, Auteur Année de publication : 2009 Article en page(s) : pp. 5230–5238 Note générale : Chemical engineering Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Linear  fuel  ethers  Olefin  dimers  Low  temperature  Fischer−Tropsch  synthesis  Alcohols Résumé : Naphtha from low temperature Fischer−Tropsch (LTFT) synthesis is rich in n-paraffins, but it also contains alcohols and olefins. These alcohols and olefins can be converted into linear fuel ethers and olefin dimers to improve the overall yield and quality of distillate from LTFT refining. The reaction network was studied for the conversion of 1-pentanol, 1-hexanol, 1-heptanol, 1-octanol, 1-nonanol, 1-decanol, and 1-dodecanol over an η-alumina catalyst in a fixed bed flow reactor at 250−350 °C, 0−4 MPa, and WHSV of 1−4 h−1. The main products were the corresponding linear ethers and linear α-olefins. The highest ether yield (54%) was obtained at 300 °C, 1 MPa, and WHSV of 1 h−1 (unoptimized conditions). The main side-products were aldehydes and olefin dimers. Dehydration occurred predominantly on Lewis acid sites, with acid-catalyzed side-reactions taking place over Brønsted acid sites and dehydrogenation taking place over basic and/or redox sites. Dehydration to produce 2-olefins was cis-selective and occurred mainly over Lewis acid sites by dehydration−hydration−dehydration. GC-FID response factors for di-n-butyl ether and heavier linear ethers were determined experimentally. The GC-FID response factors were expressed in terms of the equivalent carbon number (ECN) concept as an ECN of −0.6 ± 0.1 for the linear ether oxygen atom, and this value could be mechanistically justified (literature ECN is −1.0). En ligne : http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie801930r [article] Dehydration of C5−C12 linear 1-alcohols over η-alumina to fuel ethers [texte imprimé] / Reinier J. J. Nel, Auteur ; Arno de Klerk, Auteur . - 2009 . - pp. 5230–5238. Chemical engineering Langues : Anglais (eng) in Industrial & engineering chemistry research > Vol. 48 N° 11 (Juin 2009) . - pp. 5230–5238 Mots-clés : Linear  fuel  ethers  Olefin  dimers  Low  temperature  Fischer−Tropsch  synthesis  Alcohols Résumé : Naphtha from low temperature Fischer−Tropsch (LTFT) synthesis is rich in n-paraffins, but it also contains alcohols and olefins. These alcohols and olefins can be converted into linear fuel ethers and olefin dimers to improve the overall yield and quality of distillate from LTFT refining. The reaction network was studied for the conversion of 1-pentanol, 1-hexanol, 1-heptanol, 1-octanol, 1-nonanol, 1-decanol, and 1-dodecanol over an η-alumina catalyst in a fixed bed flow reactor at 250−350 °C, 0−4 MPa, and WHSV of 1−4 h−1. The main products were the corresponding linear ethers and linear α-olefins. The highest ether yield (54%) was obtained at 300 °C, 1 MPa, and WHSV of 1 h−1 (unoptimized conditions). The main side-products were aldehydes and olefin dimers. Dehydration occurred predominantly on Lewis acid sites, with acid-catalyzed side-reactions taking place over Brønsted acid sites and dehydrogenation taking place over basic and/or redox sites. Dehydration to produce 2-olefins was cis-selective and occurred mainly over Lewis acid sites by dehydration−hydration−dehydration. GC-FID response factors for di-n-butyl ether and heavier linear ethers were determined experimentally. The GC-FID response factors were expressed in terms of the equivalent carbon number (ECN) concept as an ECN of −0.6 ± 0.1 for the linear ether oxygen atom, and this value could be mechanistically justified (literature ECN is −1.0). En ligne : http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie801930r